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Two licensed vaccines and additional candidates in advanced development expand prevention options for vulnerable 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15, 2603714 (11 pages) [https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2603714](https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2603714)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE     \nGlobal resurgence of Chikungunya virus: outbreak drivers and emerging solutions  \nYi Zhanga, b, Jing Wua, b,c, Xiaoyang Chenga, b, Yuxuan Yanga, Xinyu Wanga, b, Xiaoyu Zhaoa, b,c, Xiaoyan Wangd, Huiling Ouyangd, Jingwen Aia, b,c and Wenhong Zhanga, b,c,e  \naDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; bShanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; cShanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; dIntegrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) International Centre of Excellence (ICoE) on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; eInstitute of Infection and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China  \nABSTRACT  \nChikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections have raised increasing global concern. Recurrent outbreaks across diverse regions underscore the urgent need for proactive measures to prevent further epidemic spread. Key drivers – including high vector density, viral adaptive mutations, and delayed early intervention – have been addressed as critical factors promoting CHIKV emergence and transmission. Prompt case detection, integrated vector management, real-time genomic tracking, and water surveillance are pivotal to effective containment. Additionally, the availability of two licensed vaccines and several candidates in advanced clinical development offers new opportunities to protect vulnerable populations. We here emphasized the need to address the drivers of outbreaks and implement timely prevention and control measures, alongside deploying available vaccines to protect at-risk populations.   \nARTICLE HISTORY Received 8 August 2025; Revised 9 December 2025; Accepted 9 December 2025 KEYWORDS Chikungunya virus infection; outbreaks; prevention; mutation; vaccination  \nIntroduction  \nChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the genus Arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos [ 1] . First identified in Tanzania in the 1950s, CHIKV has become widely distributed across tropical and  \nsubtropical regions, causing recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever [2] . The disease is typically manifested with acute febrile illness accompanied by rash, fatigue, and headache, and is typically accompanied by severe and disabling arthralgia and myalgia [ 1] . CHIKV infection can progress to a chronic phase, with up to 50% of patients developing persistent  \nCONTACT Wenhong Zhang  [zhangwenhong@fudan.edu.cn](zhangwenhong@fudan.edu.cn)  Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, People’s Republic of China; Institute of Infection and Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China; Jingwen Ai  [jingwenai1990@126.com](jingwenai1990@126.com)  Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People’s Republic of China; Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for I","cbCaia1Ygq4qlSMD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia1Ygq4qlSMD","pdf",1037290,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Outbreak Drivers\n## Vector and environmental amplification\n## Viral evolution and delayed response\n# Emerging Solutions\n## Surveillance and early detection\n## Genomic tracking and water surveillance\n## Vaccines and clinical development\n# Article information","[{\"question\":\"What factors drive Chikungunya virus emergence and transmission?\",\"answer\":\"The document highlights high vector density, viral adaptive mutations, and delayed early intervention as key drivers promoting emergence and transmission.\"},{\"question\":\"Which measures are emphasized for effective containment?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes prompt case detection, integrated vector management, real-time genomic tracking, and water surveillance to support outbreak prevention and control.\"},{\"question\":\"How do vaccines contribute to protecting vulnerable populations?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes two licensed vaccines and additional candidates in advanced clinical development, offering new opportunities to protect at-risk groups alongside timely control measures.\"}]","Global resurgence of Chikungunya virus - outbreak drivers and emerging solutions | PDF",1790730116,28]