[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-457632-105":59,"doc-detail-457632-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","global-prevalence-and-incidence-of-precocious-puberty-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis","Global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty - a systematic review and meta-analysis","","Significant increases in precocious puberty rates over recent decades have harmed children’s health, yet prevalence and incidence estimates differ across regions and lack an integrated global view. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized evidence to estimate global prevalence and incidence among children. Searches of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (to Feb 2024) included studies reporting prevalence or incidence. Findings pooled cross-sectional survey estimates with random-effects models and summarized registry-based results individually due to heterogeneity, then assessed socioeconomic and individual subgroups.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/global-prevalence-and-incidence-of-precocious-puberty-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/457632/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/global-prevalence-and-incidence-of-precocious-puberty-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/457632.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rainbow Cat","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-07","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to estimate about precocious puberty?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It estimates the global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty among children, addressing wide regional variation seen in prior studies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which data sources were searched for the systematic review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2024 for studies reporting prevalence or incidence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How were survey-based and registry-based results handled in the analysis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Survey-based cross-sectional studies were pooled using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals, while registry-based results were described individually because of substantial heterogeneity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},457632,1791341675,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Zhang et al. BMC Public Health (2026) 26:99 BMC Public Health  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25723-4](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-25723-4)  \nSYSTEMATIC REVIEW Open Access  \nGlobal prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty: a systematic review and meta-analysis  \nXinyu Zhang 1,2, Yujie Xu2, Longping Yan3, Xiaoyu Wang2, Jingyuan Xiong4,5, Fei Wang6*† and Guo Cheng2,7*†  \nAbstract  \nBackground The significant rise in precocious puberty rates over recent decades has adversely impacted children’s health, spurring numerous epidemiological studies. However, prevalence and incidence estimates vary widely across regions and lack a comprehensive global perspective. Therefore, we estimated the global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty among children.  \nMethods We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to February 2024 for articles reporting the prevalence or incidence of precocious puberty. For studies based on cross-sectional surveys, we used a random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of precocious puberty in girls and boys. The 95% CI was calculated using the inverse-variance method, which accounts for both within-study and between-study variability. Subgroup analyses considered socioeconomic and individual characteristics. For studies based on medical registration data, we described the results individually due to significant heterogeneity, rather than pooling the data.  \nResults Of 8737 articles identified, 27 were included. Survey-based studies showed pooled prevalence estimates of 7 . 87%(95% CI: 5 . 90%-9 . 84%) for girls and 3. 98%(95% CI: 2 . 70%-5 . 25%) for boys. European and the United States studies were generally conducted earlier than those in Asia. Older and obese children exhibited significantly higher prevalence. Registry-based studies reported overall prevalence ranging from 37 to 935.1 per 100,000 girls and from 0.46 to 37.4 per 100,000 boys, with incidence ranging from 1.123 to 489.3 per 100,000 girls and from 0.096 to 22.4 per 100,000 boys.  \nConclusions This study synthesized the global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty, offering valuable insights for public health awareness and policy-making. Further research is needed to enhance understanding of the condition and to guide targeted interventions.  \nTrial registration PROSPERO number: CRD42024508384 .  \n†Fei Wang and Guo Cheng contributed equally as co-corresponding authors.  \n*Correspondence: Fei Wang [wangfeiwhu@126.com](wangfeiwhu@126.com)[ ](wangfeiwhu@126.com)Guo Cheng [gcheng@scu.edu.cn](gcheng@scu.edu.cn)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nZhang et al. BMC Public Health (2026) 26:99 Page 2 of 12  \nKeywords Precocious puberty, Prevalence, Incidence, Systematic review, Meta-analysis  \nBackground  \nPuberty marks a critical transition f","cbCaibzlXuHGbHcD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibzlXuHGbHcD","pdf",3302519,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to estimate about precocious puberty?\",\"answer\":\"It estimates the global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty among children, addressing wide regional variation seen in prior studies.\"},{\"question\":\"Which data sources were searched for the systematic review?\",\"answer\":\"PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2024 for studies reporting prevalence or incidence.\"},{\"question\":\"How were survey-based and registry-based results handled in the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Survey-based cross-sectional studies were pooled using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals, while registry-based results were described individually because of substantial heterogeneity.\"}]","Global prevalence and incidence of precocious puberty - a systematic review and meta-analysis | PDF",1790750002]