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Incidence and mortality trends differed by country, with declines in many high-income settings and increases in parts of Africa and Asia. Global age-standardized mortality decreased from 4.73 to 4.06 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2021, while most countries’ 5-year net survival remained below 50%. Identified risk factors include reproductive factors, oral contraceptives, anti-inflammatory diets, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, obesity, diabetes, and occupational asbestos exposure. No proven population-level screening or prevention strategy exists; risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy remains the gold standard for high-risk hereditary cases.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/global-epidemiology-of-ovarian-cancer-patterns-trends-and-risk-factors/354559/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/global-epidemiology-of-ovarian-cancer-patterns-trends-and-risk-factors/354559.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"kopisore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How have global incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer changed over time?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence decreased from 7.22 to 6.71 per 100,000, while global age-standardized mortality fell from 4.73 to 4.06 per 100,000 between 1999 and 2021. Trends vary substantially across countries.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which countries and regions show increasing versus decreasing ovarian cancer incidence?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Declining incidence rates have been reported in high-income countries such as the United States, Austria, the Netherlands, and Norway. In contrast, incidence has increased in Africa and parts of Asia, including Japan and India.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What risk factors and prevention approaches are highlighted for ovarian cancer?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Identified risk-related factors include reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, anti-inflammatory diets, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, obesity, diabetes, and occupational asbestos exposure. No screening or prevention strategy has proven effective in average-risk populations without family history or pathogenic variants; risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is the gold standard for high-risk hereditary individuals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},354559,1790143479,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":36},962090880963,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Cancer Biol Med 2026. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0619  \nREVIEW  \nGlobal epidemiology of ovarian cancer: patterns, trends, and risk factors  \nRuyuan Li 1*, Anqi Zhao 1*, Meicen Liu2, Lingeng Lu3, Bin Li2, Hongmei Zeng2  \n1 Department of Gynecological Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China; 2 National Central Cancer Registry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100020, China;  \n3 Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven 201942, CT, USA  \n\n| ABSTRACT | Ovarian cancer was the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 2022. The global age-standardized incidence |\n| --- | --- |\n| KEYWORDS | rate of ovarian cancer decreased from 7.22/100,000 to 6.71/100,000 from 1990 to 2021. However, incidence trends varied across countries. Declining ovarian cancer incidence rates were reported in high-income countries, such as the United States, Austria, the Netherlands, and Norway, while there were increasing incidence rates in Africa and parts of Asia, including Japan and India. The global age-standardized mortality rate of ovarian cancer decreased from 4.73/100,000 to 4.06/100,000 between 1999 and 2021 with varying trends among countries. Moreover, the age-standardized 5-year net ovarian cancer survival rate in most countries remained \u003C 50%. Several specific factors related to ovarian cancer risk have been identified, including reproductive factors, use of oral contraceptives, anti-inflammatory diets, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, obesity, diabetes, and occupational asbestos exposure. No screening or prevention strategy has been proven effective in downstaging or reducing mortality from ovarian cancer in an average-risk population without a family cancer history or pathogenic variants. Indeed, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy remains the gold standard for lowering the risk of ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals with hereditary mutations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention of ovarian cancer, aiming to offer a global perspective on public health strategies for addressing the disease.\u003Cbr>Ovarian cancer; epidemiology; risk factors; trend; prevention; screening |\n\nIntroduction  \nOvarian cancer ranks as the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. An estimated 324,603 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2022 and 206,956 died of the disease according to GLOBOCAN 20221. The global number of ovarian cancer cases and deaths is projected to increase by 46.9% and 62.7%, respectively, reaching 476,912 cases and  \n*These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Bin Li and Hongmei Zeng  \nE-mail: [libin@cicams.ac.cn](libin@cicams.ac.cn) and [hongmeizeng@cicams.ac.cn](hongmeizeng@cicams.ac.cn)  \nORCID ID: [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8660-6457](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8660-6457) and [https://orcid](https://orcid).  \norg/0000-0003-3999-3081  \nReceived October 9, 2025; accepted December 24, 2025; published online March 24, 2026.  \nAvailable [at www.cancerbiomed.org](at www.cancerbiomed.org)  \n©2026 The Authors. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4 .0) .  \n336,637 deaths by 20502. Although there have been advancesin ovarian cancer screening, detection, and treatment methods over the past several decades, particularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy3, ovarian cancer remains largely incurable with a 5-year net survival \u003C 50% in most countries4. The substantial disease burden underscores the public health significance given the pers","cbCaigcAbFWkwwQR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigcAbFWkwwQR","pdf",664916,16,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Pathologic classification of ovarian cancer\n### Epithelial ovarian cancer\n### Type I and Type II epithelial ovarian cancer","[{\"question\":\"How have global incidence and mortality rates of ovarian cancer changed over time?\",\"answer\":\"From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence decreased from 7.22 to 6.71 per 100,000, while global age-standardized mortality fell from 4.73 to 4.06 per 100,000 between 1999 and 2021. Trends vary substantially across countries.\"},{\"question\":\"Which countries and regions show increasing versus decreasing ovarian cancer incidence?\",\"answer\":\"Declining incidence rates have been reported in high-income countries such as the United States, Austria, the Netherlands, and Norway. In contrast, incidence has increased in Africa and parts of Asia, including Japan and India.\"},{\"question\":\"What risk factors and prevention approaches are highlighted for ovarian cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Identified risk-related factors include reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, anti-inflammatory diets, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, obesity, diabetes, and occupational asbestos exposure. No screening or prevention strategy has proven effective in average-risk populations without family history or pathogenic variants; risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is the gold standard for high-risk hereditary individuals.\"}]","Global epidemiology of ovarian cancer: patterns, trends, and risk factors | PDF",1790111945]