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Higher AP integer scores are shown to increase college completion and later exam taking. Credit-granting integer scores raise the probability of receiving a bachelor’s degree within four years by 1–2 percentage points per exam. A junior-year score of 3 (instead of 2) leads to 0.06–0.14 additional AP exams in the senior year.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/giving-college-credit-where-it-is-due-advanced-placement-exam-scores-and-college-outcomes-faculty-research-working-paper/313949/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/giving-college-credit-where-it-is-due-advanced-placement-exam-scores-and-college-outcomes-faculty-research-working-paper/313949.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ezra","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What methodology does the paper use to study AP credit and outcomes?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The paper uses a regression discontinuity design with continuous raw Advanced Placement (AP) exam scores, mapped to observed 1–5 integer scores.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do credit-granting AP integer scores affect four-year college completion?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Attaining credit-granting integer scores increases the probability of receiving a bachelor’s degree within four years by 1 to 2 percentage points per exam.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What effect does moving from an AP junior-year score of 2 to 3 have?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams in senior year.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},313949,1790470309,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Giving College Credit Where It Is Due: Advanced Placement Exam Scores and College Outcomes  \nFaculty Research Working Paper Series  \nJonathan Smith College Board  \nMichael Hurwitz College Board  \nChristopher Avery Harvard Kennedy School  \nMay 2015  \nRWP15-021  \nVisit the HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series at:  \n[https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/Index.aspx](https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/Index.aspx)  \nThe views expressed in the HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or of Harvard University. Faculty Research Working Papers have not undergone formal review and approval. Such papers are included in this series to elicit feedback and to encourage debate on important public policy challenges. Copyright belongs to the author(s) . Papers may be downloaded for personal use only.  \nAcknowledgements  \nThis research reflects the views of the authors and not their corresponding institutions. At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at [http://www.nber.org/papers/w21147.ack](http://www.nber.org/papers/w21147.ack)  \n© 2015 by Jonathan Smith, Michael Hurwitz, and Christopher Avery. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.  \nAbstract  \nWe implement a regression discontinuity design using the continuous raw Advanced Placement (AP) exam scores, which are mapped into the observed 1-5 integer scores, for over 4.5 million students. Earning higher AP integer scores positively impacts college completion and subsequent exam taking. Specifically, attaining credit-granting integer scores increases the probability that a student will receive a bachelor’s degree within four years by 1 to 2 percentage points per exam. We also find that receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams senior year.  \n1. Introduction  \nStagnant completion rates and increasing time-to-degree (Bound, Lovenheim, and Turner, 2010; 2012) in a time of high unemployment, budgetary crises, and increasing federal grant aid (College Board, 2013a) have put colleges under increased public scrutiny. Inadequate preparation for college is one factor behind the criticisms of college completion, but it is not the only factor. Finishing a bachelor’s degree on time generally requires a student to complete at least 120 credit hours within four years. To accomplish this, a student might take five courses per semester, spread over eight semesters. Timely completion requires students to fulfill the coursespecific requirements of their chosen major, as well as any general education coursework necessary for the awarding of a bachelor’s degree. For many students, neatly cobbling together a postsecondary curriculum that satisfies both graduation and major requirements within 120 credit hours is challenging. So difficult is this task that in 2011, 33 U.S. governors endorsed a report authored by the Complete College America organization that identified excessive college course taking as one of the five leading causes of the nation’s college completion crisis.1  \nOne potential way to ameliorate this problem is to give students the opportunity to earn college credit while still in high school, which is typically accomplished either through dual enrollment or Advanced Placement (AP) programs.2 These widely accepted courses allow students to earn credit and placement towards college graduation and to bypass introductory courses while freeing up time to fulfill both major and general education requirements.3 In theory, students who take advantage of these colleges’ AP credit and placement policies may  \n1 Upon receiving bachel","cbCaitXVeWsROI8M","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitXVeWsROI8M","pdf",1157762,58,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What methodology does the paper use to study AP credit and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The paper uses a regression discontinuity design with continuous raw Advanced Placement (AP) exam scores, mapped to observed 1–5 integer scores.\"},{\"question\":\"How do credit-granting AP integer scores affect four-year college completion?\",\"answer\":\"Attaining credit-granting integer scores increases the probability of receiving a bachelor’s degree within four years by 1 to 2 percentage points per exam.\"},{\"question\":\"What effect does moving from an AP junior-year score of 2 to 3 have?\",\"answer\":\"Receiving a score of 3 over a 2 on junior year AP exams causes students to take between 0.06 and 0.14 more AP exams in senior year.\"}]","Giving College Credit Where It Is Due - Advanced Placement Exam Scores and College Outcomes - Faculty Research Working Paper | PDF",1789899659,146]