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It examines results from grades 2 and 3 assessments, including oral reading fluency and quantitative comparison scores, and evaluates how score distributions differ by gender. Findings show girls consistently outperform boys in reading, while boys slightly outperform girls in mathematics, with generally small gaps. Both genders score below expectations overall, motivating targeted early strategies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/girls-have-academic-advantages-and-so-do-boys-a-multicountry-analysis-of-gender-differences-in-early-grade-reading-and-mathematics-outcomes/586894/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/girls-have-academic-advantages-and-so-do-boys-a-multicountry-analysis-of-gender-differences-in-early-grade-reading-and-mathematics-outcomes/586894.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-13","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What data and grade levels does the analysis use?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The analysis uses results from reading and mathematics assessments in grades 2 and 3 drawn from 19 USAID-funded studies across 14 locations.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do girls and boys compare in early reading outcomes?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Girls consistently outperform boys in reading across the included studies.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do boys and girls compare in early mathematics outcomes?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Boys slightly outperform girls in mathematics, but the differences are typically small and not large overall.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},586894,1792062216,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","RTI Press  \nResearch Report  \nISSN 2378-7902  \nMay 2023  \nGirls Have Academic  \nAdvantages and So Do Boys: A Multicountry Analysis of Gender Differences in Early Grade Reading and Mathematics Outcomes  \nJodie Fonseca, Laiba Bahrawar, Margaret M. Dubeck, Yasmin Sitabkhan, Christopher Cummiskey, and Devanshi Unadkat  \nThis publication is part of the RTI Press Research Report series.  \nRTI International  \n3040 East Cornwallis Road PO Box 12194  \nResearch Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 USA  \nTel: +1.919.541.6000  \nE-mail: [rtipress@rti.org](rtipress@rti.org)  \n[Website: www. rti.org](Website: www. rti.org)  \nRTI Press publication RR-0049-2305  \nRTI International is an independent, nonprofit research organization dedicated to improving the human condition. The RTI Press mission is to disseminate information about RTI research, analytic tools, and technical expertise to a national and international audience. RTI Press publications are peer-reviewed by at least two independent substantive experts and one or more Press editors.  \nSuggested Citation  \nFonseca, J., Bahrawar, L., Dubeck, M. M., Sitabkhan, Y., Cummiskey, C., and Unadkat, D.(2023) . Girls Have Academic Advantages andSo Do Boys: A Multicountry Analysis of Gender Differences in Early Grade Reading and Mathematics Outcomes. RTI Press Publication No. RR-0049-2305 . Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press. [https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress](https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress)  \n[.2023. rr.0049.2305](.2023. rr.0049.2305)[ ](.2023. rr.0049.2305)Cover photo: @PRIMR Kenya  \n©2023 RTI International. RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute. RTI and the RTI logo are U. S. registered trademarks of Research Triangle Institute.  \nThis work is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 license (CC BY-NC-ND), a copy of which is available at [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)  \n[https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.rr.0049.2305](https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2023.rr.0049.2305) [www.rti.org/rtipress](www.rti.org/rtipress)  \nContents  \nAbout the Authors i  \nAcknowledgments ii  \nAbstract ii  \nIntroduction 1  \nBackground 1  \nMethods 2  \nData Sets 2  \nMeasures 3  \nFindings 6  \nOverall Average Gender Differences 6  \nGender Differences in Annual Increases 6  \nDistributions of Gender Differences 6  \nReading 7  \nMathematics 8  \nDiscussion 10  \nReading 10  \nMathematics 11  \nLimitations 12  \nConclusions and Next Steps 12  \nReferences 13  \nAbout the Authors  \nJodie Fonseca, MA, EdD, is a  \nsenior education advisor in the International Education Division at RTI International. [https://orcid.org/0000](https://orcid.org/0000)  \n[-0002-9883-7372](-0002-9883-7372)  \nLaiba Bahrawar, BS, is an education analyst in the International Education Division at RTI International. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-9603](orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-9603)  \nMargaret M. Dubeck, MEd, PhD, is a senior literacy researcher in the International Education Division at RTI International. [https://orcid.org/0000](https://orcid.org/0000)  \n[-0002-6847-8348](-0002-6847-8348)  \nYasmin Sitabkhan, MA, PhD, is a senior mathematics education researcher in the International Education Division at RTI International. [https://orcid.org/0000](https://orcid.org/0000)  \n[-0002-6319-8400](-0002-6319-8400)  \nChristopher Cummiskey, MPH, is a senior statistician in the International Education Division at RTI International. [https://orcid.org/0000](https://orcid.org/0000)  \n[-0001-6785-5829](-0001-6785-5829)  \nDevanshi Unadkat, MA, PhD, is an assistant professor in the School of Education at the University of San Francisco. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002](https://orcid.org/0000-0002)  \n[-8335-6939](-8335-6939)  \nRTI Press Associate Editor  \nJeffrey Rosen  \nAcknowledgments  \nThis research was funded by RTI International through an internal research and development award focused on gender in ","cbCaiuOKyesdjIou","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuOKyesdjIou","pdf",1438352,23,"English","# Introduction\n## Background\n# Methods\n## Data Sets\n## Measures\n# Findings\n## Overall Average Gender Differences\n## Gender Differences in Annual Increases\n## Distributions of Gender Differences\n## Reading\n## Mathematics\n# Discussion\n## Reading\n## Mathematics\n# Limitations\n# Conclusions and Next Steps\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What data and grade levels does the analysis use?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses results from reading and mathematics assessments in grades 2 and 3 drawn from 19 USAID-funded studies across 14 locations.\"},{\"question\":\"How do girls and boys compare in early reading outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Girls consistently outperform boys in reading across the included studies.\"},{\"question\":\"How do boys and girls compare in early mathematics outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Boys slightly outperform girls in mathematics, but the differences are typically small and not large overall.\"}]","Girls Have Academic Advantages and So Do Boys - A Multicountry Analysis of Gender Differences in Early Grade Reading and Mathematics Outcomes | PDF",1792059860,58]