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This review summarizes molecular mechanisms underlying ginsenosides for neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders, and reviews clinical translational progress in advanced gastric cancer, breast cancer, stroke, and diabetes, with evidence on safety assessments and potential toxicity. It also discusses biotransformation advances, modern preparation technologies, and solutions such as nanodelivery, structural modification, and AI-driven formulation to overcome low oral bioavailability and limited blood–brain barrier permeability, while highlighting key future challenges including scarce high-quality clinical evidence, incomplete mechanism understanding, limited long-term safety data, and batch-to-batch quality variation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ginsenosides-in-modern-pharmaceutics-mechanisms-applications-challenges-and-perspectives/356533/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ginsenosides-in-modern-pharmaceutics-mechanisms-applications-challenges-and-perspectives/356533.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tJames","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are ginsenosides and what pharmacological activities do they have?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Ginsenosides are the primary bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng. They exhibit multiple activities including neuroprotection, antitumor effects, anti-aging properties, and metabolic regulation.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which therapeutic areas and diseases does the review focus on for clinical translation?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review summarizes mechanisms and introduces clinical translational research related to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders, including advanced gastric cancer, breast cancer, stroke, and diabetes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What strategies are discussed to address challenges such as low bioavailability and limited blood–brain barrier permeability?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review discusses biotransformation and modern preparation technologies, along with innovative solutions including nanodelivery systems, structural modifications, and AI-driven formulation design to address low oral bioavailability and reduced blood–brain barrier permeability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},356533,1790270051,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":31},2336474466412,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Review  \nGinsenosides in Modern Pharmaceutics: Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives  \nMingyang Sun, Youduan Li, Ming Zhu, Haoming Luo * and Ye Teng *  \nAcademic Editor: Hang Fai (Henry) Kwok  \nReceived: 8 January 2026  \nRevised: 24 February 2026  \nAccepted: 24 February 2026  \nPublished: 26 February 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \nSchool of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun 130117, China;  \n[smy0310622@163.com](smy0310622@163.com) (M.S.); [18834110757@163.com](18834110757@163.com) (Y.L.); [zhuming124@163.com](zhuming124@163.com) (M.Z.)  \n* Correspondence: [luohm@ccucm.edu.cn](luohm@ccucm.edu.cn) (H.L.); [tengye@ccucm.edu.cn](tengye@ccucm.edu.cn) (Y.T.)  \nAbstract  \nGinsenosides are the primary bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, exhibiting multiple pharmacological activities, including neuroprotection, antitumor effects, anti-aging properties, and metabolic regulation. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders are summarized, and the current status of clinical translational research on ginsenosides in advanced gastric cancer, breast cancer, stroke, and diabetes is introduced, incorporating critical evidence regarding safety assessments and potential toxicity risks. In addition, recent advancesin biotransformation and modern preparation technologies are reviewed. Innovative solutions, including nanodelivery systems, structural modifications, and AI-driven formulation design, are systematically discussed to address the current issues, such as low oral bioavailability and limited blood–brain barrier permeability. The future development of ginsenosides continues to face several critical challenges, including a scarcity of highquality clinical evidence, an incomplete understanding of their mechanisms of action, adearth of long-term safety data, and variations in quality between batches.  \nKeywords: ginsenosides; molecular mechanisms; clinical application  \n1. Introduction  \nGinseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has enjoyed a revered status in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 5000 years [1] . Ginseng is regarded as a precious medicinal plant in China, South Korea, Japan, and among Native Americans in North America, with its economic and medicinal value remaining timeless. With the development of scientific analytical techniques, ginsenosides have been isolated and are considered the key bioactive components in ginseng. Since their first isolation in 1963, more than 100 ginsenosides have been identified, and ongoing research continues to uncover new structures [2] . The structures of ginsenosides are highly related to their pharmacological effects, presenting diverse molecular targets and great therapeutic potential in health protection and disease treatment.  \nIn recent years, the clinical application of ginsenosides has attracted considerable interest. Rare ginsenosides (RGs), which are named for their low or near-absent natural occurrence, such as Rg3, Rh2, and CK, exhibit increased bioactivity and clinical relevance, rendering them critical research targets in cancer adjuvant therapy and neuroprotection. However, their limited natural abundance and the complexity of extraction/conversion processes hindered their widespread clinical adoption, making RGs biotransformation and artificial processing an important area in current research. Several professional reviews on  \nRGs immunomodulation [3], Rg3 delivery systems [4], gut microbiota regulation [5], and enzymatic conversion [6] have been published, mainly focusing on the single pharmacological effect of a specific ginsenoside or a particular technical aspect.  \nIn this review, the chemical characteristics, pharmacological mechanisms, and clini","cbCaifxJjupiMrCQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifxJjupiMrCQ","pdf",2990128,"English","# Introduction\n## Chemical Characteristics of Ginsenosides\n# Abstract\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What are ginsenosides and what pharmacological activities do they have?\",\"answer\":\"Ginsenosides are the primary bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng. They exhibit multiple activities including neuroprotection, antitumor effects, anti-aging properties, and metabolic regulation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which therapeutic areas and diseases does the review focus on for clinical translation?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes mechanisms and introduces clinical translational research related to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders, including advanced gastric cancer, breast cancer, stroke, and diabetes.\"},{\"question\":\"What strategies are discussed to address challenges such as low bioavailability and limited blood–brain barrier permeability?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses biotransformation and modern preparation technologies, along with innovative solutions including nanodelivery systems, structural modifications, and AI-driven formulation design to address low oral bioavailability and reduced blood–brain barrier permeability.\"}]","Ginsenosides in Modern Pharmaceutics - Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges, and Perspectives | PDF",1790125866]