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Stackhouse  \nNASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA  \nDecember 2012 WCRP Report No. 19/2012  \nii  \nThis report consists of two parts:  \nVolume 1 contains results, recommendations and conclusions. Volume 2 contains various details and supplementary information.  \niii  \nGEWEX Radiative Flux Assessment (RFA)  \nVolume 1: Assessment  \nTable of Contents for the Entire Report iii  \nForeword viii  \nDisclaimer ix  \nExecutive Summary xi  \nKey Findings and Recommendations xi  \nImportant Findings per Chapter xiii  \nChapter 1: Introduction xiii  \nChapter 2: Incoming Solar Radiation at the TOA xiii  \nChapter 3: Radiation Budget at the TOA xiv  \nChapter 4: Radiation Budget at the Surface xvi  \nChapter 5: In-situ Radiation Flux Measurements at the Surface xvii  \nChapter 6: Comparison with In-Situ Data xviii  \nChapter 7: Vertical Radiative Flux Divergence in the Atmosphere xix  \nChapter 8: Global Mean Radiation Budget xx  \nChapter 9: Radiation Fluxes in Global Modeling for the IPCC-4th AR xx  \nList of Contributors xxiii  \nList of Acronyms xxiv  \nChapters ofthe Report  \nChapter 1 – Introduction to the Report 1-8  \n1.1 Purpose of the Assessment 1  \n1.2 Radiative Flux Assessment Archive, Data Sets and Parameters 2  \n1.3 Initial Workshop Towards Assessment 6  \n1.4 Report Overview 7  \nChapter 2-Incoming Solar Radiation at TOA 9-22  \n2.1 Solar Irradiance Measurements 9  \n2.1.1 Total Solar Irradiances 9  \n2.1.2 Spectral Solar Irradiances 13  \niv  \n2.2 Solar Irradiance Models 16  \n2.3 Computations of Insolation at TOA 19  \n2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 21  \nChapter 3 – Radiation Budget at the TOA 23-90  \n3.1 Introduction 23  \n3.2 ERBE vs. CERES Radiation Fluxes 24  \n3.2.1 Introduction 24  \n3.2.2 Climatological Annual Regional Averages 25  \n3.2.3 Temporal Variability 26  \n3.2.4 Deseasonalized Monthly Time Series 27  \n3.2.5 Zonal Annual Cycle 28  \n3.2.6 Seasonal Cycle 29  \n3.2.7 Summary 30  \n3.3 Radiation Budget at TOA during ERBE and CERES Period 31  \nPart I: Climatological Mean and Time Series Comparisons)  \n3.3.1 Introduction 31  \n3.3.2 Datasets and Analysis Methods 31  \n3.3.3 ERBE Period Results (February 1985 to January 1989) 32  \n3.3.4 CERES Period Results (March 2000 to February 2004) 37  \n3.3.5 ERBE and CERES differences 43  \n3.3.6 Summary 44  \n3.4 Radiation Budget at TOA during the ERBE and CERES 45  \nperiod.  \nPart II: Annual Mean Cycles  \n3.4.1 Introduction 45  \n3.4.2 Data Description and Analysis Method 45  \n3.4.3 Statistical Results 46  \n3.4.4 Qualitative Results 48  \n3.4.5 Summary 49  \n3.5 Anomalies in Datasets of ISCCP, SRB, ERBE & CERES 50  \n3.5.1 Introduction 50  \n3.5.2 Errors in Ancillary Data for ISCCP Cloud Retrievals and Radiation 50  \ncomputations  \n3.5.3 Time Series of Upward Radiation (ISCCP vs. SRB) 51  \n3.5.4 Seasonal Average Comparison 57  \n3.5.5 Comparison with ERBE-ERBS Scanner Data 62  \n3.5.6 Comparison of ERBE and CERES Flux Fields 65  \n3.5.7 Some Conclusions and Recommendations 66  \n3.6 GERB and CERES Monthly Average Comparison for July 2004 69  \n3.6.1 Background 69  \n3.6.2 Processing Overview 69  \n3.6.3 Result and Comparison 71  \n3.6.4 Summary 74  \n3.7 Selected Results from ScaRaB 75  \n3.7.1 Introduction 75  \nv  \n3.7.2 Description of ScaRaB-Instruments 76  \n3.7.3 The ScaRaB flux products 76  \n3.7.4 Intercomparison to other data 77  \n3.7.5 Summary 79  \n3.8 Diurnal Cycle of TOA Radiation 80  \n3.8.1 Introduction 80  \n3.8.2 Outgoing Longwave Radiation 80  \n3.8.3 Reflected Shortwave Radiation 82  \n3.8.4 Summary 83  \n3.9 Required Meridional Energy Transports in the Climate System 84  \n3.10 ERBE","cbCaii2HvVE66Qju","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii2HvVE66Qju","pdf",67201336,223,"English","# Foreword\n## Disclaimer\n## Executive Summary\n# Key Findings and Recommendations\n## Important Findings per Chapter\n# Chapter 1: Introduction\n## Purpose of the Assessment\n## Radiative Flux Assessment Archive, Data Sets and Parameters\n# Chapter 2: Incoming Solar Radiation at the TOA\n## Solar Irradiance Measurements\n## Solar Irradiance Models\n# Chapter 3: Radiation Budget at the TOA\n## ERBE vs. CERES Radiation Fluxes\n## Radiation Budget at TOA during ERBE and CERES Period","[{\"question\":\"Volume 2在整个RFA评估报告中扮演什么角色？\",\"answer\":\"Volume 1汇总评估结果、建议与结论；Volume 2提供补充信息与各类细节，用于支持Volume 1的核心分析。\"},{\"question\":\"报告涵盖哪些主要主题？\",\"answer\":\"内容围绕TOA入射太阳辐射、TOA辐射收支、地表辐射收支，以及地表原位辐射通量测量与不确定性评估展开，并包含跨数据集的比较框架。\"},{\"question\":\"关于测量不确定性，报告重点关注哪些方面？\",\"answer\":\"报告对测量不确定性的估计方法与关键观测对象进行说明，并讨论总下行太阳辐照度、下行热红外通量与上行辐照观测的不确定性来源，还包含时间平均与长期稳定性等考虑。\"}]","GEWEX Radiative Flux Assessment (RFA) Volume 2 - Supplementary Information | PDF",562]