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The discussion reviews how citation-seeking can narrow research scope, reduce intrinsic rewards, encourage misconduct, and stifle innovation. It then argues that citation metrics are not only flawed influence measures: analyzed through the life cycle of journal histories, citation networks can reveal the “geography” of disciplines—networks of influence and scholarly interests—using data from two higher education journals.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/getting-cited-a-reconsideration-of-purpose/594677/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/getting-cited-a-reconsideration-of-purpose/594677.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ben ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problems are linked to aiming for highly cited papers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article argues that citation-seeking can narrow research scope, weaken intrinsic motivation and collaboration, foster misconduct, generate controversy (including citation errors), and impede innovation by emphasizing quantity over quality.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do the authors say citation data still has value?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They contend that excessive citation rates are not useless because citation metrics can help reveal how scholarly enterprises operate, including the character and history of disciplines.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How can citation networks be used to understand disciplines?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"By analyzing citation data across the journal life cycle, citation networks can show the “geography” of a discipline—networks of influence among key thinkers and keywords that indicate scholarly interests and practices.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},594677,1792210326,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},2336478951081,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \nGetting cited: Areconsideration of purpose  \nMartin Davies & Angelito Calma University of Melbourne  \nMichael Calver’s recent exhortation ‘Please don’t aim for a highly cited paper’(AUR, 57(1): pp. 45-49) is welcome and a timely reminder of the problems associated with seeking citations at any cost. While not disagreeing with the concerns he raises we offer another way of looking at citation-seeking; thereby outlining a reconsideration of its purpose. We suggest that citations indirectly help to shape the terrain of a discipline. By providing an analysis of citation data from two key higher education journals, we show how citations are a measure of the ‘geography’ of a discipline, i.e., the networks of influence of key thinkers and the keywords that reveal scholarly interests and practices. This, in turn, provides us with information that is revealing about the nature of disciplines themselves. This paper provides a summary of data from an ongoing research program we are conducting that analyses the citation metrics of key journals in the field.  \nKeywords: Citation networks, Gephi™, citation analytics  \nIntroduction  \nMichael Calver (AUR, 57, No. 1) has recently reminded us of the problems associated with aiming for highly cited papers.We summarise these as follows:  \n1. It narrows the scope of research undertaken. Calver reminds us that some areas of worthy research (e.g. taxonomy) attract few citations. Aiming purposively for high citations is tantamount to choosing ‘hot topics’ over worthy ones.  \n2. It reduces intrinsic rewards and true collaboration and fosters misconduct. He reminds us that intrinsic motivation declines when rewards are offered. Put simply: researchers are more likely to pursue ‘normal science’ than ‘revolutionary science’ simply because the rewards for the former are greater, in the form of high citations,and where there is little evident benefit of the latter. Moreover, the ‘contrived congeniality’resulting from reduction in intrinsic rewards  \nleads to back-scratching in the pursuit of citations, marginalising junior colleagues in writing papers (so they may cite them later on) and misconduct – e.g. , manipulation of research data and violation of ethical standards.  \n3. Citations are controversial. Non-existent papers or errors in citations can result in high citation rates; deliberately nonsensical papers can too. We are reminded of the Sokal Hoax: a paper constructed using computer-generated semi-literate nonsense that was published in a refereed journal before the hoax was finally revealed.  \n4. Successful research careers are based less on highly cited papers and more on persistence and influence. While highly cited papers can be influential, it does not follow that low-cited papers are not influential. Indeed, as Calver points out,‘significant influence on a discipline is more likely to follow from consistent performance’(p. 47) . He uses the example of more  \nvol. 59, no. 1, 2017 Getting cited: A reconsideration of purpose Martin Davies & Angelito Calma 69  \nA U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \ninfluential novelists (Hemingway, Faulkner) who sold fewer copies than their less influential peers.  \n5. Citation counting impedes innovation. Obsession with citations leads to obsession about one’s output and narcissism both about oneself and one’s career. This mitigates against good research as it focuses on quantity rather than quality, and loses sight of the immeasurable benefits of working on important topics, irrespective of their output in terms of citations.  \nCalver’s conclusion from all this is the exhortation:‘please don’t aim for a highly cited paper’. His argument is: High citations lead to problems so don’t aim for a highly cited paper.  \nWe agree with all of the above as far as it goes. However, we’d like to offer a corrective to the argument while not implying that we disagree with Calver’s concerns. Aimi","cbCaiiVeSlltfYV9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiVeSlltfYV9","pdf",701698,"English","# Introduction\n# Michael Calver’s concerns about highly cited papers\n## Scope narrowing and topic choice\n## Intrinsic rewards, collaboration, and misconduct\n## Controversy and citation gaming\n## Career outcomes, influence, and persistence\n## Innovation impediments\n# Geographies of Influence","[{\"question\":\"What problems are linked to aiming for highly cited papers?\",\"answer\":\"The article argues that citation-seeking can narrow research scope, weaken intrinsic motivation and collaboration, foster misconduct, generate controversy (including citation errors), and impede innovation by emphasizing quantity over quality.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do the authors say citation data still has value?\",\"answer\":\"They contend that excessive citation rates are not useless because citation metrics can help reveal how scholarly enterprises operate, including the character and history of disciplines.\"},{\"question\":\"How can citation networks be used to understand disciplines?\",\"answer\":\"By analyzing citation data across the journal life cycle, citation networks can show the “geography” of a discipline—networks of influence among key thinkers and keywords that indicate scholarly interests and practices.\"}]","Getting cited - Areconsideration of purpose | PDF",1792079623,18]