[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-662615-105":59,"doc-detail-662615-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","geospatial-as-built-drawing-management-techniques-in-building-practice-a-framework-for-facility-management-in-nigerian-universities","Geospatial As-built Drawing Management Techniques in Building Practice - A Framework for Facility Management in Nigerian Universities","","Geospatial as-built drawing management enhances efficiency, performance, and facility lifecycle decision-making in building practice. This study investigates deploying geospatial technology to manage as-built drawings on a Nigerian university campus by examining documentation status, staffing capacity, and required digital infrastructure. GPS and satellite imagery are used for spatial data, while attribute data are sourced from university establishment and records offices. Results show fragmented paper archives and standalone digital files with limited geospatial referencing, integration, and centralized systems, alongside major staffing and infrastructure gaps.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/geospatial-as-built-drawing-management-techniques-in-building-practice-a-framework-for-facility-management-in-nigerian-universities/662615/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/geospatial-as-built-drawing-management-techniques-in-building-practice-a-framework-for-facility-management-in-nigerian-universities/662615.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"SALUTone","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address in Nigerian university facilities management?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It addresses inefficient handling of as-built drawing information caused by fragmentation, limited geospatial referencing, and weak integration into centralized systems during the facilities operations and maintenance phase.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were spatial and attribute data collected for the analysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Spatial data were collected using GPS and satellite imagery and processed in ArcGIS 10.8. Attribute data on buildings and staff were obtained from the university’s establishment and records office.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What main barriers were identified for implementing geospatial as-built drawing management?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study finds fragmented documentation formats, significant staffing gaps because many personnel lack GIS, BIM, and digital data management expertise, and digital infrastructure deficiencies such as inadequate computing systems, lack of dedicated geospatial platforms, limited centralized databases, and poor network connectivity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},662615,1793220798,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},5909897206756,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600152dbe4a7e99502?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1792654152478566863","Geospatial As-built Drawing Management Techniques in Building Practice: A Framework for Facility Management in Nigerian Universities  \nRasheed Busari*, Jubril Jimoh, Amos Ayoola, NajeemAderibigbe  \nDepartment of Technology Education, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo , Nigeria  \nEmail:*[sekorerasheed@gmail.com](sekorerasheed@gmail.com)  \nAbstract. Geospatial as-built drawing management is increasingly vital in modern building practice as it enhances efficiency, performance, and facility lifecycle management. This study explores the deployment of a geospatial technology for managing as-built drawings within a Nigerian university campus. It assesses the current state of documentation, staffing capacity, and digital infrastructure required for effective implementation. Spatial data were collected using GPS and satellite imagery, processed in ArcGIS 10.8. Attribute data on buildings and staff were sourced from the university’s establishment and records office. Analyses included simple percentagesand spatial hyperlinking in ArcGIS. Findings reveal that as-built drawings exist mainly in fragmented formats—paper archives and standalone digital files—with minimal geospatial referencing and limited integration into centralized systems. This fragmentation hinders efficient data retrieval, maintenance planning, and informed decision-making. Significant staffing gaps were identified, as most personnel are traditional built environment professionals lacking expertise in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and digital data management. Digital infrastructure deficiencies further constrain progress, including inadequate computing systems, absence of dedicated geospatial platforms, lack of centralized databases, and poor network connectivity. These limitations collectively hinder the transition to integrated geospatial as-built management. The study concludes that successful implementation requires accurate and standardized documentation, skilled interdisciplinary personnel, and robust digital infrastructure. It recommends strategic investment in training, technology, and system integration to achieve efficient geospatial as-built drawing management.  \nKeywords: Geospatial, as-built drawing, facility management, digital infrastructure, digital data management, maintenance efficiency.  \n1. Introduction  \nThe global architecture, engineering, construction, and operations (AECO) sector is currently undergoing a profound digital transformation, yet it remains one of the least digitized industries compared to manufacturing, automotive, and aerospace sectors [1] . While digital adoption is accelerating, progress is slow and inconsistent causing stagnant productivity growth [2-5] . This digital lag is particularly pronounced in the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase of building lifecycles, where facilities management (FM) practices have historically relied on manual, paper-based, and fragmented information systems [1]. The consequences of this digital deficit include inefficient maintenance operations, poor space utilization, escalating operational costs, and suboptimal performance across building portfolios.  \nFacilities management encompasses the coordination of space, infrastructure, people, and organization, with the objective of ensuring functionality, safety, efficiency, and sustainability of the built environment [1, 6] . Within this domain, as-built drawings constitute critical information assets that document the final constructed state of facilities, including all modifications, deviations, and adjustments made during and after construction. Traditionally, these drawings exist as static paper documents or isolated digital files that rapidly become obsolete as buildings undergo renovation, retrofitting, and refurbishment throughout their operational lives [1] .  \nThe emergence of digital technologies offers transformative potential for facilities management [7, 8]. Building Information ","cbCaiaqULvwLyh89","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaqULvwLyh89","pdf",758331,18,"English","# 1. Introduction\n## Digital transformation and O&M digital lag\n## Facilities management and the role of as-built drawings\n## Enabling technologies (BIM, GIS, reality capture, IoT)\n## GeoBIM and the integration of GIS-BIM\n## Higher education institutions as a deployment context","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address in Nigerian university facilities management?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses inefficient handling of as-built drawing information caused by fragmentation, limited geospatial referencing, and weak integration into centralized systems during the facilities operations and maintenance phase.\"},{\"question\":\"How were spatial and attribute data collected for the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Spatial data were collected using GPS and satellite imagery and processed in ArcGIS 10.8. Attribute data on buildings and staff were obtained from the university’s establishment and records office.\"},{\"question\":\"What main barriers were identified for implementing geospatial as-built drawing management?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds fragmented documentation formats, significant staffing gaps because many personnel lack GIS, BIM, and digital data management expertise, and digital infrastructure deficiencies such as inadequate computing systems, lack of dedicated geospatial platforms, limited centralized databases, and poor network connectivity.\"}]","Geospatial As-built Drawing Management Techniques in Building Practice - A Framework for Facility Management in Nigerian Universities | PDF",45]