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\nNOTE  \nPUB TYPE  \nEDRS PRICE  \nDESCRI PTORS  \nI DENTIFIERS  \nABSTRACT  \nDOCUMENT RESUME  \nDavies,W.E.;Morgan,I.M.Geology of Caves.  \nGeological Survey(Dept.of Interior),Reston,Va.80  \n21p.;From the series \"Popular Publications of theU.S.Geological Survey.\"Photographs may notreproduce wel1.  \nReference Materials-General(130)  \nMF01/PC01 Plus Postage.  \nZarth Science;*Geology;Instructional Materials;*Physical Geography;Secordary Education*Caves;PF Project;*Speleology;United States  \nOne of a series of general interest publications onscience topics,the booklet provides those interested in the study ofcaves(speleology)with a nontechnical introduction to the subject.Separate sections examine types of caves,how caves form,cavefeatures,minerals found in caves,uses of caves,and caves asnatural underground laboratories.The final sections present a briefdescription about caves to explore in the United States(with a mapshowing locations of known caves)and precautions to take whenexploring newly discovered or unattended caves.(LH)  \n# Geology of Caves\n\n43314203  \nUS.DFPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONTns document hus been reProduced EsreCeved from the peis10r ofgaruataunougnatngUMnou chang?s have bcon nde to mprovereproducton QuastY·Pont of wew oropInion15s1atedin this documen1 donol necessanly rePresent ofliculNTEpoSton 0 poLcy\"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTECBY65.5.、  \nCENTER EAIC]  \nTO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER ERIC)\"  \nGeology of Caves  \nby W.E.Davles and I.M.Morgan  \nA cave is a natural opening in the groundexlending beyond the zone of light andlarge enough to permit the entry of man.Occurring in a wide variety of rock types andcaused by widely differing geological proc-esses,caves range in size from single smallrooms to interconnecting passages manymiles long.The scientific study of caves iscalled speleology (from theGreek wordsspelaion for cave and /ogos for study).It isa composite science based on geology,hydioiogy,biology,and archaeology,andthus holds special interest for earth scientistsof the U.S.Geological Survey.  \nCaves have been natural attractions sinceprehistoric times.Prolific evidence of earlyman's interest has been discovered in cavesscattered throughout the world.Fragmentsof skeletons of some of the earliest manlikecreatures(Australopithecines)have beendiscovered in cave deposits in South Africa,and the first evidence of primitive Neander-thal Man was found in a cave in the NeanderValley of Germany.Cro-Magnon Man createdhis remarkable murals on the walls of cavesin southern France and northern Spain  \nwhere he took refuge more than 10,000 yearsago during the chill of the ice age  \n3  \nInterest in caves has not dwindled.Although firm figures for cave visitors arenot available,in 1974 about 1.5 millionpeople toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky,and more than 670,000 visited CarlsbadCaverns in New Mexico,two of the mostfamous caves in the United States.  \n# Types of Caves\n\nA simple classification of caves includesfour main types and several other relativelyless important types.  \n·Solution caves are formed in carbonateand sulfate rocks such as limestone;dolomite,marble,and gypsum by theaction of slowly moving ground waterthat dissolves the rock to form tunnels,Irregular passages,and even large  \ncaverns along joints and bedding planes,Most of the caves in the world—as wellas the largest—are of this type.  \n◆ Lava caves are tunnels or tubes in lavaformed when the outer surface of alava flow cools and hardens while themolten lava within continues to flow andeventually drains out through the newlyformed tube.  \n·Sea caves are formed by the constantaction of waves which attacks theweaker portions of rocks lining theshores of oceans and large lakes.Suchcaves testify to the enormous pressuresexerted by waves and to the corrosivepower of wave-carried sand and gravel.  \n·G/acier caves are formed by melt","cbCaigZ5SK4K7xWT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigZ5SK4K7xWT","pdf",261523,21,"English","# Geology of Caves\n## Types of Caves\n## How Caves Form","[{\"question\":\"What is speleology, and why is it important to geologists?\",\"answer\":\"Speleology is the scientific study of caves. It combines geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, so it holds special interest for earth scientists.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the four main types of caves discussed in the booklet?\",\"answer\":\"The booklet presents solution caves, lava caves, sea caves, and glacier caves as the four main types, with additional less common categories.\"},{\"question\":\"How do solution caves form?\",\"answer\":\"Solution caves form in limestone and similar rocks as water dissolves pathways. Water seeps through soil and rock, percolates downward, and reaches a saturated zone where dissolution creates tunnels, passages, and caverns.\"}]","Geology of Caves | PDF",1791248040,32]