[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112915-en":3,"doc-seo-112915-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112915,1374391974585,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Geography, Climate, and Genes in Development Studies","Geography, climate, and human genetic characteristics interact over centuries in ways that shape modern development outcomes. The paper assembles national frequencies for genetic polymorphisms, including ACP1 and cytokine loci, linked to ultraviolet exposure and infectious disease environments. It tests relationships between genetic variation and measures of GDP, governance, competitiveness, health, fertility, and life satisfaction, finding strong associations not explained by reverse causation or standard development covariates. It clarifies what the correlations do and do not imply for causal gene effects.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nThe World Bank Economic Review, 34(Supplement), 2020, S46–S51 doi: 10.1093/wber/lhz034 Supplementary Article  \nGeography, Climate, and Genes in Development  \nStudies  \nRobert Klitgaard, Johannes W. Fedderke, and Valerio Napolioni Abstract  \nOver the coming decade, much more genetic data will enter into the study of economic development. This paper provides an example and emphasizes the uses and misuses of such information. It has assembled for the first time national frequencies of the ACP1 genetic polymorphism and the Interleukin-6 (IL6-174G) and Interleukin-10 (IL10-1082G) cytokines. These three respond over the centuries to ultraviolet radiation and infectious diseases. The study also looks at a national measure of heterozygotic diversity. In particular, it finds that ACP1 frequencies are significantly related to national outcomes ranging from GDP per capita to type and quality of governance, to measures of national “competitiveness,” to health, to fertility, to measures of satisfaction with life. These associations do not seem explainable by reverse causation nor by the influence of some of the usual variables in studies of long-run development. Nonetheless, these results do not mean that a few genes have a direct causal effect on world development. The ACP1*B variable is surely picking up the influences of many genetic and cultural adaptations over evolutionary time in response to ultraviolet exposure and pathogen burdens. This study’s findings thus support other research indicating the importance of disease environments in shaping both genetic and sociocultural adaptations that have influence on development outcomes today. The paper concludes with a discussion of what such strong associations mean and do not mean, in hopes of guiding future studies of genes and other deep roots of economic development.  \nJEL classification: O1, O4, I15, I18  \nKeywords: development theory, genes and development, parasite stress theory, acid phosphatase locus 1, econometrics, comparative development  \n1. Introduction  \nOver centuries and millennia, geography, climate, and human genetic characteristics have interacted in ways that have implications for development outcomes today. Many infectious diseases, for example, breed more readily in hot, humid climates. These diseases affect human populations through migration and adaptation (both genetic and environmental) . The evolution of geography-climate-gene complexes  \nRobert Klitgaard (Corresponding author) is a University Professor at Claremont Graduate University, 150 East Tenth St., Claremont, CA. His email address is [robert.klitgaard@cgu.edu](robert.klitgaard@cgu.edu); Johannes W. Fedderke is Professor of International Affairs (Economics) at the School of International Affairs, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA. His email addrress is [jwf15@psu.edu](jwf15@psu.edu); Valerio Napolioni is Instructor in Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA. His email address [is napvale@gmail.com. We are deeply indebted to the](is napvale@gmail.com. We are deeply indebted to the) late Jim MacMurray for guidance, inspiration, and friendship. Kevin Grier, Robbert Maseland, Lant Pritchett, and Peter Richerson for helpful comments and criticisms. The usual caveat applies. A condensed rendition of “Development Given Geography, Climate, and Genes,” a paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, DC.  \n© The Author(s) 2019 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.  \nAll rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [journals.permissions@oup.com](journals.permissions@oup.com)  \nDownloaded from [https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/34/Supplement_1/S46/5673197 by guest on 23 June 2021](https://academic.oup.com/wber/article/34/Supplement_1/S46/5673197 by guest on 23","cbCaiuX1VRraO2yi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuX1VRraO2yi","pdf",158366,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Geography-climate-gene interactions\n## Limits of existing development theories\n## New genetic data and testable links","[{\"question\":\"What genetic information does the study compile for comparing development outcomes across countries?\",\"answer\":\"It compiles national frequencies for ACP1 polymorphisms and cytokine loci (IL6-174G and IL10-1082G) and also includes a measure of heterozygotic diversity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which development-related outcomes are reported to correlate with genetic variation?\",\"answer\":\"ACP1 frequencies are found to be significantly related to outcomes such as GDP per capita, governance type and quality, competitiveness measures, health, fertility, and satisfaction with life.\"},{\"question\":\"Do the study’s results prove that genes directly cause development differences?\",\"answer\":\"No. The paper emphasizes that strong associations do not mean a few genes have direct causal effects; ACP1 may reflect broader genetic and cultural adaptations shaped by disease environments and ultraviolet exposure.\"}]",1784498243,15,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"geography-climate-and-genes-in-development-studies","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/geography-climate-and-genes-in-development-studies/112915/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What genetic information does the study compile for comparing development outcomes across countries?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It compiles national frequencies for ACP1 polymorphisms and cytokine loci (IL6-174G and IL10-1082G) and also includes a measure of heterozygotic diversity.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which development-related outcomes are reported to correlate with genetic variation?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"ACP1 frequencies are found to be significantly related to outcomes such as GDP per capita, governance type and quality, competitiveness measures, health, fertility, and satisfaction with life.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"Do the study’s results prove that genes directly cause development differences?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"No. The paper emphasizes that strong associations do not mean a few genes have direct causal effects; 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