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It highlights findings from GWAS and next-generation sequencing to identify common and rare variants, then connects these discoveries to treatment-relevant outcomes and implications, supporting earlier detection, risk assessment, and targeted therapeutic development.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/genetic-risk-factors-and-clinical-outcomes-in-childhood-eye-cancers-a-review/330343/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/genetic-risk-factors-and-clinical-outcomes-in-childhood-eye-cancers-a-review/330343.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",20,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is understanding genetic risk factors important in childhood eye cancers?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Genetic risk factors enable earlier detection and risk assessment, and they support development of targeted therapies. They also inform genetic counseling and preventive strategies for affected families.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which study methods are discussed for finding genetic variants?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review discusses genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These approaches are used to identify both common and rare genetic variants linked to pediatric ocular cancers.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do genetic discoveries relate to clinical outcomes in children?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review links genetic findings to implications for treating pediatric ocular cancer and improving outcomes. 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Genetic Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Childhood Eye Cancers: A Review. Genes 2024, 15, 276. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)genes15030276  \nAcademic Editor: Dror Sharon  \nReceived: 25 January 2024  \nRevised: 19 February 2024  \nAccepted: 20 February 2024  \nPublished: 22 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia; [bmadani@kkesh.med.sa](bmadani@kkesh.med.sa) (B.A.); [sabualkhair@kkesh.med.sa](sabualkhair@kkesh.med.sa) (S.A.); [sahmad@kkesh.med.sa](sahmad@kkesh.med.sa) (K.A.); [gzauli@kkesh.med.sa](gzauli@kkesh.med.sa) (G.Z.)  \n2 Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [syhameed@kkesh.med.sa](syhameed@kkesh.med.sa) (S.H.); [angelichristy.yu@unife.it](angelichristy.yu@unife.it) (A.C.Y.)† These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Childhood eye cancers, although rare, present substantial health challenges, affecting the pediatric population with a remarkable impact on their lives and families. This comprehensive review provides insights into the various types of ocular tumors, primarily focusing on malignant eye tumors, their genetic predispositions, and advancements in managing these conditions. Understanding the genetic risk factors is crucial for early detection, risk assessment, and the development of targeted therapies. This review discusses genome-wide association (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies to find common and rare genetic variants. Furthermore, it also explores the outcomesand implications of these genetic discoveries in treating pediatric ocular cancer. These findings underscore the significance of genetic research in guiding early interventions and improving outcomesin children with ocular cancers.  \nKeywords: childhood eye cancer; genetic association; common variant; rare variant; GWAS; NGS; genetic etiology; heritability; predisposition; susceptibility; survivorship  \n1. Introduction  \nChildhood eye cancers are a significant health concern with far-reaching consequences for affected children and their families, influencing their physical health and quality of life. Specifically, the frequently overlooked rare and complex malignant ocular tumors require extensive investigation to elucidate their genetic foundations, clinical presentations, and adversity for the affected child’s well-being. Understanding both common and rare ocular tumors, as presented in Table 1, is vital for developing tailored treatment, early detection procedures, and advanced risk assessment tools.  \nMoreover, epidemiological studies providing information on the prevalence, incidence rates, and relevant demographic features further highlight the significance of these tumor conditions. The incidence of primary eye tumors in childhood is rare compared to adult tumors. For instance, in the United Kingdom, between 1963 and 2002, the annual incidence of eye tumors in children under 15 years was 3.5 per million [1] . According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programme database, researchers analyzed 658 retinoblastoma cases between 1975 and 2004 and found an annual incidence rate of 11.8 per million in children under 5 years of age in the US [1,2] . Despite their rarity, p","cbCainsyXKs5RAqd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainsyXKs5RAqd","pdf",1149252,21,"English","# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and burden of childhood eye tumors\n## Genetic tumor predisposition and testing approaches\n## Review purpose and scope","[{\"question\":\"Why is understanding genetic risk factors important in childhood eye cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Genetic risk factors enable earlier detection and risk assessment, and they support development of targeted therapies. They also inform genetic counseling and preventive strategies for affected families.\"},{\"question\":\"Which study methods are discussed for finding genetic variants?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These approaches are used to identify both common and rare genetic variants linked to pediatric ocular cancers.\"},{\"question\":\"How do genetic discoveries relate to clinical outcomes in children?\",\"answer\":\"The review links genetic findings to implications for treating pediatric ocular cancer and improving outcomes. These insights help guide early interventions and more informed clinical management decisions.\"}]","Genetic Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Childhood Eye Cancers - A Review | PDF",1789988312,53]