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Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction are common in older adults, while route and anesthetic type show no clear association. A meta-analysis found no link between prior GA surgery and incident AD, while cohort and randomized trial results are inconsistent, indicating a need for larger, longer follow-up studies to clarify causality.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/general-anesthetic-and-the-risk-of-dementia-in-elderly-patients-current-insights/393907/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/general-anesthetic-and-the-risk-of-dementia-in-elderly-patients-current-insights/393907.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"moss~","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-26",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What relationship does the review examine between surgery and dementia?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The review examines the relationship between surgery, general anesthesia (GA), and dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. It considers how surgical and anesthetic factors may interact with AD-related biological mechanisms.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Do postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction depend on the anesthesia route or type?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The review states that neither the route of anesthesia nor the type of anesthetic appears to be significantly associated with developing postoperative delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What does current evidence suggest about GA exposure and incident Alzheimer’s disease?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"A meta-analysis of case-control studies found no association between prior GA-based surgery and incident AD. Cohort studies show varying directions of association, and a recent randomized trial reported higher progression in patients receiving sevoflurane during spinal surgery compared with controls and those receiving propofol or epidural anesthesia.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},393907,1790638655,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":123,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},962090895452,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Clinical Interventions in Aging downloaded from [https://www.dovepress.com/](https://www.dovepress.com/)  \nFor personal use only.  \nClinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress  \nopen access to scientific and medical research  \n Open Access Full Text Article Rev I ew  \nGeneral anesthetic and the risk of dementia in elderly patients: current insights  \nMaria Hussain 1  \nMiles Berger2  \nRoderic G eckenhoff3 Dallas P Seitz 1  \n1 Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University; 2Anesthesiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA  \nCorrespondence: Maria Hussain Kingston Geriatric Psychiatry Outreach Team, 640 Cataraqui woods Drive, Unit 2, Kingston ON K7P 2Y5, Canada email [7mh18@queensu.ca](7mh18@queensu.ca)  \nThis article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Clinical Interventions in Aging  \n24 September 2014  \nNumber of times this article has been viewed  \nAbstract: In this review, we aim to provide clinical insights into the relationship between surgery, general anesthesia (GA), and dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD) . The pathogenesis of AD is complex, involving specific disease-linked proteins (amyloid-beta [Aβ] and tau), inflammation, and neurotransmitter dysregulation. Many points in this complex pathogenesis can potentially be influenced by both surgery and anesthetics. It has been demonstrated in some in vitro, animal, and human studies that some anesthetics are associated with increased aggregation and oligomerization ofAβ peptide and enhanced accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Two neurocognitive syndromes that have been studied in relation to surgery and anesthesia are postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction, both of which occur more commonly in older adults after surgery and anesthesia. Neither the route of anesthesia nor the type of anesthetic appears to be significantly associated with the development of postoperative delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction. A meta-analysis of case-control studies found no association between prior exposure to surgery utilizing GA and incident AD (pooled odds ratio = 1.05, P=0.43) . The few cohort studies on this topic have shown varying associations between surgery, GA, and AD, with one showing an increased risk, and another demonstrating a decreased risk. A recent randomized trial has shown that patients who received sevoflurane during spinal surgery were more likely to have progression of preexisting mild cognitive impairment compared to controls and to patients who received propofol or epidural anesthesia. Given the inconsistent evidence on the association between surgery, anesthetic type, and AD, well-designed and adequately powered studies with longer follow-up periods are required to establish a clear causal association between surgery, GA, and AD.  \nKeywords: surgery, anesthesia, Alzheimer’s disease  \nBackground  \nWith advances in health care and increasing life expectancy, the population of older adults is increasing in most countries. It is estimated that the population aged 60 years and above will rise from 287 million in 2013 to 417 million in 2050 in the developed world, and from 554 million to 1.6 billion in developing countries.1 Advancing age is the strongest risk factor for the development of dementia,2 and dementia has been identified as a major current health care challenge.3 The worldwide prevalence of dementia in 2001 was estimated at 24.3 million, and will double every 20 years to an estimated prevalence of 42.3 million in 2020, and 81.1 million in 2040.4 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older adults, accounting for about two-thirds ofall cases.5 The burden of dementia on society is substantial: in the United States, the estimated annual direct costs associated with AD in 201","cbCaicJ9wKb09iX3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicJ9wKb09iX3","pdf",417130,"English","# Abstract\n# Background","[{\"question\":\"What relationship does the review examine between surgery and dementia?\",\"answer\":\"The review examines the relationship between surgery, general anesthesia (GA), and dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. It considers how surgical and anesthetic factors may interact with AD-related biological mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"Do postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction depend on the anesthesia route or type?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that neither the route of anesthesia nor the type of anesthetic appears to be significantly associated with developing postoperative delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction.\"},{\"question\":\"What does current evidence suggest about GA exposure and incident Alzheimer’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"A meta-analysis of case-control studies found no association between prior GA-based surgery and incident AD. Cohort studies show varying directions of association, and a recent randomized trial reported higher progression in patients receiving sevoflurane during spinal surgery compared with controls and those receiving propofol or epidural anesthesia.\"}]","General Anesthetic and the Risk of Dementia in Elderly Patients - Current Insights | PDF",1790396002,25]