[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108392-en":3,"doc-seo-108392-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},108392,4398048949847,"Eliana","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267",8,"Research & Report","GENDER DISPARITIES AND POVERTY - A BACKGROUND PAPER FOR THE TOGO POVERTY AND GENDER ASSESSMENT 2022","Gender gaps in Togo extend across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, rooted in social norms and gender roles that shape access to schooling and longer-term participation in education and work. Girls face disadvantages in schooling, and a substantial share drop out during adolescence due to child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, and time-use patterns. Women then encounter constraints from limited education and economic opportunities, restrictive roles in labor-force participation, financial inequities, widespread acceptance of violence against women, health risks, and limited agency and decision-making capacity.","Public Disc losure Authorized  \nGENDER DISPARITIES AND POVERTY  \nA BACKGROUND PAPER FOR THE TOGO POVERTY AND GENDER ASSESSMENT 2022  \nu ub lic Disclosure th ir el Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure  \n© 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[ ](Internet: www.worldbank.org)Some rights reserved.  \nThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:  \n[pubrights@worldbank.org](pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nCONTENTS  \nAcknowledgments 4  \nExecutive Summary 5  \nIntroduction:  \nGender Inequality and Poverty in Togo 11  \nGender Gaps in Endowments 17  \nGender gaps in education 17  \nGender disparities in health accumulation 20  \nGender and Agency 28  \nGender-based violence 28  \nChild marriage 32  \nDecision-making in the private and the public spheres 35  \nGender Gaps in Economic Opportunities 39  \nLabor force participation 39  \nAccess to finance and assets 44  \nLand ownership and use 45  \nUnpaid domestic work 50  \nPolicy Options 54  \nFocus on adolescent girls 55  \nAssist girls in completing primary and secondary school 56  \nIncrease access to family planning, and enhance reproductive and sexual health, particularly for adolescent girls 56  \nReduce child and early marriage 57  \nSupport female farmers to build and sustain their businesses 57  \nPrevent GBV and address its consequences 58  \nClose gender gaps in decision-making and women’s political participation 59  \nImprove women’s economic opportunities through access to quality employment and enhanced productivity of self-employed women 60  \nStrategically address the root causes of observed outcomes 61  \nReferences 63  \nACKNOWLEDGMENTS  \nT  \nhis background report to the Togo Poverty and Gender Assessment (2022) was prepared by Miriam Muller and Alina Kalle and benefited from valuable contributions from Stephane N’Dri, Kolobadia Ada Nayihouba, Rogelio  \nGranguillhome Ochoa, and Aissatou Ouedraogo. The team is grateful to Jozefien van Damme and Eliana Matulevitch for their very insightful comments and inputs. Kossiwa Naman and Harende Kpango provided excellent logistical and administrative support. The team worked under the guidance of Carlos Rodriguez Castelan, Andrea Coppola, Hawa Cisse, and Johan Mistiaen.  \nA heartfelt thankyou goes to all the key informants who generously shared their time, reflections, insights, and recommendations with the team to enhance the quality and relevance of this work. Those informants include representatives from the Présidencede la République; Ministère de la Planification du Développement et de la Coopération; Ministère du Planification du Développement et de la Coopération; Ministèrel’Action Sociale, de la Promotion de la Femme et de l’Alphabétisation; Ministère de la Santé, de l’Hygiène Publique et de l’Accès Universel aux Soins; Ministère de de l’Agriculture, de l’ Élevage et du Développement Rurale; Ministère du Développement à la Base, de la Jeunesse et de l’Emploi des Jeunes; Ministère des Enseignements Primaire, Secondaire, Technique et de l’Artisanat, Chargé de l’Enseignement Technique et del’Artisanat; Assemblée Nationale ; Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques ","cbCaimrg3IOsZEcF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimrg3IOsZEcF","pdf",3680538,5,1,72,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Acknowledgments\n## Executive Summary\n## Introduction: Gender Inequality and Poverty in Togo\n## Gender Gaps in Endowments\n## Gender gaps in education\n## Gender disparities in health accumulation\n## Gender and Agency\n## Gender-based violence\n## Child marriage\n## Decision-making in the private and the public spheres\n## Gender Gaps in Economic Opportunities\n## Labor force participation\n## Access to finance and assets\n## Land ownership and use\n## Unpaid domestic work\n## Policy Options\n## Focus on adolescent girls\n## Assist girls in completing primary and secondary school\n## Increase access to family planning, and enhance reproductive and sexual health, particularly for adolescent girls\n## Reduce child and early marriage\n## Support female farmers to build and sustain their businesses\n## Prevent GBV and address its consequences\n## Close gender gaps in decision-making and women’s political participation\n## Improve women’s economic opportunities through access to quality employment and enhanced productivity of self-employed women\n## Strategically address the root causes of observed outcomes\n## References","[{\"question\":\"How do gender disparities in Togo begin and evolve over time?\",\"answer\":\"Disadvantage starts in childhood through unequal access to schooling, continues in adolescence with higher dropout rates, and persists into adulthood through constraints on education, economic opportunity, agency, and decision-making.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors contribute to girls dropping out of school in adolescence?\",\"answer\":\"Dropout is linked to social norms and gender roles as well as child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, and time-use patterns shaped by those norms.\"},{\"question\":\"How do child marriage and adolescent fertility affect education and economic opportunities?\",\"answer\":\"High prevalence of child marriage and adolescent fertility increases health risks and reduces the time available for full participation in education and economic opportunities.\"}]",1784470880,181,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"gender-disparities-and-poverty-a-background-paper-for-the-togo-poverty-and-gender-assessment-2022","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gender-disparities-and-poverty-a-background-paper-for-the-togo-poverty-and-gender-assessment-2022/108392/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"How 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