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This study examined whether gender-biased imagery in anatomy textbooks influences students’ implicit and explicit gender attitudes. Using an online experiment, 456 anatomy students were randomly assigned to priming tasks with gender-neutral or gender-biased images. Implicit bias was measured with the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit bias with the Gender Bias in Medical Education Scale.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gender-bias-in-medical-images-affects-students-implicit-but-not-explicit-gender-attitudes/590647/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gender-bias-in-medical-images-affects-students-implicit-but-not-explicit-gender-attitudes/590647.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What was the main research question of the study?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Whether gender-biased imagery from anatomy textbooks affects students’ implicit and explicit gender attitudes.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How did the study measure implicit and explicit gender attitudes?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Implicit attitudes were assessed using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), while explicit attitudes were measured with the Gender Bias in Medical Education Scale.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What were the key findings regarding implicit versus explicit attitudes?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Biased images were positively associated with implicit gender bias, but they had no significant effect on explicit gender attitudes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},590647,1792083974,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":142,"read_time":143},2336477405376,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","AERA Open  \nJuly-September 2018, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1–7 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858418798832  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2018. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nGender Bias in Medical Images Affects Students’ Implicit but not  \nExplicit Gender Attitudes  \nRhiannon B. Parker  \nCentre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales  \nTheresa Larkin  \nGraduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong  \nJon Cockburn  \nFaculty of Law, Humanities, and the Arts, University of Wollongong  \nMedical education curricula have the potential to impact the gender attitudes of future healthcare providers. This study investigated whether gender-biased imagery from anatomy textbooks had an effect on the implicit and explicit gender attitudes of students. We used an online experimental design in which students (N = 456; 55% female) studying anatomy were randomly assigned to a visual priming task using either gender-neutral or gender-biased images. The impact of this priming task on implicit attitudes was assessed using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the impact on explicit attitudes was measured using the Gender Bias in Medical Education Scale. Viewing biased images was significantly positively associated with implicit gender bias as indicated by higher IAT scores in the treatment compared to the control condition (mean IAT difference = 43 milliseconds; Cohen’s d = .33). In contrast, there was no significant effect of gender-biased images on explicit gender attitudes.  \nKeywords: gender, implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, images, priming, anatomy education  \nIntroduction  \nGender bias is prevalent in the medical domain and is associated with healthcare disparities (Chiaramonte et al., 2008; Hamberg, 2008; Verdonk, Benschop, De Haes, & Lagro-Janssen, 2009) . For example, the exclusion of females from medical trials likely contributes to women with heart disease remaining underdiagnosed, undermanaged, and undertreated (Mehta et al., 2016) . The biases of healthcare practitioners, in particular, play a significant role in contributing to these disparities (Chapman, Kaatz, & Carnes, 2013; White, 2011) . The persistent use of gender stereotypes by physicians, for example, has meant that women are more likely than men to have their reports of pain be perceived as emotional (Hoffmann & Tarzian, 2001), and to be incorrectly diagnosed with psychological rather than somatic disorders (Smith, 2011) . One of the primary arenas where healthcare providers’ gender attitudes can be influenced is during medical education, where curriculum and teaching practices can contribute to the development and maintenance of gender ideologies (Bickel, 2001; Stromquist, Lee, & Brock-Utne, 2013) . As such, strategies aimed at preventing gender bias in healthcare need to start at the educational level (Hamberg, 2008; Risberg, Johansson, & Hamberg, 2009; Teal et al., 2010;  \nVerdonk et al., 2009) . There is therefore a need to examine the role that a medical education curriculum plays in the formation of gender-biased attitudes.  \nEmpirical research has highlighted the importance of attitudes by identifying the way in which they manifest themselves through behavior (Maio & Haddock, 2009; Smith, Mackie, & Claypool, 2015; Vaughan & Hogg, 2008) . Studies have shown that the attitudes of healthcare practitioners can have an impact on medical treatment and care (Blair et al., 2013; Phelan et al., 2015; Stepanikova, 2012) . For example, physicians who exhibit gender-biased attitudes are less likely to recommend women with the same symptoms as men for cardiovascular testing (Daugherty et al., 2017) . Attitudes are understood as existing at both an explicit (conscious) and implicit (unconscious) level (Gawronski & Payne, 2010), and individuals can hold implicit attitudes that conflict with their con","cbCaifDg78DFwlNd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifDg78DFwlNd","pdf",498821,"English","# Introduction\n# Effects of Images on Gender Attitudes","[{\"question\":\"What was the main research question of the study?\",\"answer\":\"Whether gender-biased imagery from anatomy textbooks affects students’ implicit and explicit gender attitudes.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the study measure implicit and explicit gender attitudes?\",\"answer\":\"Implicit attitudes were assessed using the Implicit Association Test (IAT), while explicit attitudes were measured with the Gender Bias in Medical Education Scale.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings regarding implicit versus explicit attitudes?\",\"answer\":\"Biased images were positively associated with implicit gender bias, but they had no significant effect on explicit gender attitudes.\"}]","Gender Bias in Medical Images Affects Students’ Implicit but not Explicit Gender Attitudes | PDF",1792070113,18]