[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590841-105":59,"doc-detail-590841-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","gender-achievement-gaps-in-us-school-districts-research-article","Gender Achievement Gaps in U.S. School Districts - research article","","Estimates male-female test score gaps in math and English language arts (ELA) across nearly 10,000 U.S. school districts using state accountability data from Grades 3–8 for 2008–2009 through 2015–2016. The average district shows no math gender achievement gap, while ELA gaps favor girls. Districts vary widely in both subjects: math gaps are larger in socioeconomically advantaged districts and where adult income, education, and occupations show stronger gender disparities, whereas strong ELA associations are not observed.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gender-achievement-gaps-in-us-school-districts-research-article/590841/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gender-achievement-gaps-in-us-school-districts-research-article/590841.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data and grade range does the study use to measure gender gaps?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It uses state accountability data for Grades 3 through 8, covering roughly 2008–2009 through 2015–2016 school years.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are the average gender achievement gaps across U.S. school districts?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"On average, there is no gender achievement gap in math, while the average ELA gap favors girls.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the gender gaps vary across districts, and what factors are linked to math gaps?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Both math and ELA gaps vary significantly among districts. Math gaps are more pronounced in socioeconomically advantaged districts and in districts with larger gender disparities in adult income, education, and occupations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590841,1792161242,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","American Educational Research Journal December 2019, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 2474–2508 DOI: 10.3102/0002831219843824  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n􀀂 2019 AERA. [http://aerj](http://aerj).[aera.net](aera.net)  \nGender Achievement Gaps in  \nU.S. School Districts  \nSean F. Reardon  \nStanford University  \nErin M. Fahle  \nSt. John’s University  \nDemetra Kalogrides  \nAnne Podolsky  \nStanford University  \nRosal´ıa C. Z´arate  \nColumbia University  \nWe estimate male-female test score gaps in math and English language arts (ELA) for nearly 10,000 U.S. school districts using state accountability data from third-through eighth-grade students in the 2008–2009 through 2015–  \nSEAN F. REARDON, EdD, is the endowed Professor of Poverty and Inequality in Education and, by courtesy, a professor of sociology at Stanford University, 520 Galvez Mall, \\#526, Stanford, CA 94305; e-mail: [sean.reardon@stanford.edu](sean.reardon@stanford.edu. He is)[. He is](sean.reardon@stanford.edu. He is) currently an Andrew Carnegie Fellow. His research focuses on the causes, patterns, trends, and consequences of social and educational inequality, on the effects of educational policy on educational and social inequality, and on applied statistical methods for educational research. Reardon is the developer of the Stanford Education Data Archive.  \nERIN M. FAHLE, PhD, is an assistant professor in the School of Education at St. John’s University. Her research focuses on describing [and explaining variation in U.S. edu](and explaining variation in U.S. edu)cational opportunity using applied statistical methods, with an emphasis on understanding systemic gender, racial, and economic inequalities.  \nDEMETRA KALOGRIDES, PhD, is a research associate at the Center for Education Policy Analysis at Stanford University. She studies achievement gaps, school segregation, poverty, and inequality and works on the creation of the Stanford Education Data Archive.  \nANNE PODOLSKY, JD, MA, is a doctoral student in education policy at Stanford University. Her mixed methods research focuses on improving educational opportunities and outcomes, particularly for students from underserved communities. ROSAL´IA C. Z´ARATE, PhD, is a Minority Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Education Policy & Social Analysis at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her mixed methods research focuses on higher education policy, retaining underrepresented students in higher education, and improving equity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields.  \nGender Achievement Gaps  \n2016 school years. We find that the average U.S. school district has no gender achievement gap in math, but there is a gap of roughly 0.23 standard deviations in ELA that favors girls. Both math and ELA gaps vary among school districts; some districts have more male-favoring gaps and some more female-favoring gaps. Math gaps tend to favor males more in socioeconomically advantaged school districts and in districts with larger gender disparities in adult income, education, and occupations; however, we do not find strong associations in ELA.  \nKEYWORDS: accountability testing, English language arts, gender achievement gaps, math, socioeconomic status  \nIntroduction  \nIn recent years, national studies of gender disparities in educational achievement show that, on average, male and female students score similarly on math tests but that female students outperform male students on reading or English language arts (ELA) tests in the United States (Chatterji, 2006; Cimpian, Lubienski, Timmer, Makowski, & Miller, 2016; Fryer & Levitt, 2010; Husain & Millimet, 2009; Lee, Moon, & Hegar, 2011; Penner & Paret, 2008; Robinson & Lubienski, 2011; Sohn, 2012) . Notably, these average gender achievement gaps vary among states (Hyde, Lindberg, Linn, Ellis, & Williams, 2008; Pope & Sydnor, 2010) . But there is little systematic research on variation in the gaps at a s","cbCaieTpN1UZDMua","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieTpN1UZDMua","pdf",4256611,35,"English","# Introduction\n## National gender achievement gaps\n## High-resolution district-level analysis\n## Associations with local socioeconomic and gender context","[{\"question\":\"What data and grade range does the study use to measure gender gaps?\",\"answer\":\"It uses state accountability data for Grades 3 through 8, covering roughly 2008–2009 through 2015–2016 school years.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the average gender achievement gaps across U.S. school districts?\",\"answer\":\"On average, there is no gender achievement gap in math, while the average ELA gap favors girls.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the gender gaps vary across districts, and what factors are linked to math gaps?\",\"answer\":\"Both math and ELA gaps vary significantly among districts. Math gaps are more pronounced in socioeconomically advantaged districts and in districts with larger gender disparities in adult income, education, and occupations.\"}]","Gender Achievement Gaps in U.S. School Districts - research article | PDF",1792070550,88]