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Gel microparticles are synthesized from different sulfonate-containing polymers and evaluated for controlled administration of doxorubicin and the antifungal drug fuchsine. Sulfonate groups are distributed in both surface and bulk, and spherical porous microparticles are produced by free-radical reverse suspension polymerization. Particle properties are tuned via sulfonate type, comonomers, co-solvents, and crosslinker composition, achieving gel-like structure confirmed experimentally. Gel microspheres show substantially higher sorption capacity for doxorubicin (2.2 mmol/g) than non-porous reference particles (0.4 mmol/g), exceeding literature-reported values by over 60 times.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gel-microparticles-based-on-polymeric-sulfonates-synthesis-and-prospects-for-biomedical-applications/462518/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gel-microparticles-based-on-polymeric-sulfonates-synthesis-and-prospects-for-biomedical-applications/462518.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Putri","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What biomedical role do sulfonate-based gel microparticles aim to serve?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are proposed as drug delivery systems that encapsulate therapeutic agents and provide prolonged release, including controlled administration of doxorubicin.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were the gel microparticles synthesized in the study?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Spherical porous microparticles were obtained via free-radical reverse suspension polymerization using sulfonate-containing monomers.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does the doxorubicin sorption capacity of gel microspheres compare with non-porous reference particles?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Gel microspheres reach 2.2 mmol/g, which is much higher than 0.4 mmol/g for the non-porous reference particles.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},462518,1791112404,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962085571259,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Article  \nGel Microparticles Based on Polymeric Sulfonates: Synthesis and Prospects for Biomedical Applications  \nOlga D. Iakobson 1, *, Elena M. Ivan’kova 1, Yuliya Nashchekina 2 and Natalia N. Shevchenko 1, *  \nAcademic Editor: Ilya Nifant’ev  \nReceived: 15 December 2025  \nRevised: 30 December 2025  \nAccepted: 2 January 2026  \nPublished: 5 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Branch of Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre“Kurchatov Institute”—Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, 199004 Saint-Petersburg, Russia  \n2 Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia  \n* Correspondence: [iakobson_od@pnpi.nrcki.ru](iakobson_od@pnpi.nrcki.ru) (O.D.I.); [shevchenko_nn@pnpi.nrcki.ru](shevchenko_nn@pnpi.nrcki.ru) (N.N.S.)  \nAbstract  \nPolyelectrolyte microspheres based on a polymer containing sulfonate groups are considered promising drug delivery systems for encapsulating drugs and ensuring their prolonged release. In this study, gel microparticles based on various sulfonate-containing polymers were formed, and their potential as drug delivery systems was evaluated, particularly for the controlled administration of the cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicinand the antifungal drug fuchsine. An undeniable advantage of such gel microspheres is the presence in their structure of sulfonate groups localized both in the surface layer and in the volume. The main monomers used were styrene-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt; spherical, porous microparticles were obtained via free-radical reverse suspension polymerization. Microsphere properties (size, porosity, pore structure, electrical surface properties, and swelling) were tailored by changing the nature of the sulfonate, using a comonomer (vinyl acetate or ethyl acrylate), adding a co-solvent, or modulating the crosslinker composition, which influenced drug loading efficiency (doxorubicin, fuchsine) . The gel-like structure of the microspheres was confirmed, and the sulfonate groups were found to be distributed throughout both the surface layer and the internal volume of the microspheres. A comparison was also made with non-porous polymer particles containing sulfonate groups. The sorption capacity of the gel microspheres for doxorubicin was 2.2 mmol/g, significantly higher than the 0.4 mmol/g observed for the non-porous reference particles. The obtained values of doxorubicin sorption on gel microspheres are over 60 times higher than the values reported in the literature.  \nKeywords: drug carriers; microspheres; polysulfonates; reverse suspension polymerization  \n1. Introduction  \nThe synthesis of polyelectrolyte-based polymer biomaterials is an intensively developing field over recent decades [1,2] . Particular interest is paid to polyelectrolytes derived from polymers containing sulfonate groups, as they find diverse biomedical applications as antibacterial coatings [2,3]; as mimetic interfaces mimicking sulfated glycosaminoglycans for stable capture of bone morphogenetic proteins [4]; as artificial synovial fluid for biomimetic aqueous lubrication and arthritis treatment [5]; and as drug delivery carriers for various diseases [6,7] .  \nSulfonated polyelectrolytes can be prepared from natural polymers. For instance, lignin-based lignosulfonate produced on a large scale [8,9] is used to encapsulate poorly  \nwater-soluble drugs and bioactive compounds such as thymol and its brominated derivatives, canthaxanthin, and others [10] . An undeniable advantage of polyelectrolytes based on natural polymers is their generally good biocompatibility. However, a notable drawback lies in the batch-to-batch variability of their physicochemical properties. In contrast, synthetic polye","cbCaiaoj2lnFUxtJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaoj2lnFUxtJ","pdf",5952758,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Polyelectrolytes with sulfonate groups in biomedical applications\n## Natural vs synthetic sulfonated polyelectrolytes\n## Gel microparticles: structure, swelling, and release requirements\n## Challenges and inverse suspension polymerization for sulfonated monomers","[{\"question\":\"What biomedical role do sulfonate-based gel microparticles aim to serve?\",\"answer\":\"They are proposed as drug delivery systems that encapsulate therapeutic agents and provide prolonged release, including controlled administration of doxorubicin.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the gel microparticles synthesized in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Spherical porous microparticles were obtained via free-radical reverse suspension polymerization using sulfonate-containing monomers.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the doxorubicin sorption capacity of gel microspheres compare with non-porous reference particles?\",\"answer\":\"Gel microspheres reach 2.2 mmol/g, which is much higher than 0.4 mmol/g for the non-porous reference particles.\"}]","Gel Microparticles Based on Polymeric Sulfonates: Synthesis and Prospects for Biomedical Applications | PDF",1790764311,55]