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Using annual OECD data from 2000–2021 on new physician migration flows and logged origin-country real GDP per capita (2017 PPP dollars), the analysis applies OLS and gravity-model frameworks. Findings indicate a complex pattern: an overall U-shaped descriptive relationship, region-specific divergence, and gravity-model results with negative linear effects and no consistent quadratic pattern.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gdp-per-capita-and-physician-migration-across-world-regions-2000-2021/457639/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gdp-per-capita-and-physician-migration-across-world-regions-2000-2021/457639.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-01","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data and models are used to study physician migration from 2000 to 2021?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Annual OECD data from 2000–2021 on new physician migration flows are converted into logged flows and compared with logged origin-country real GDP per capita. The study applies both ordinary least squares (OLS) and gravity model analyses with a year-lagged GDP per capita variable.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does origin GDP per capita relate to physician emigration rates across regions?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Descriptive results show an overall U-shaped pattern, but trends differ by region: central and East Asia & the Pacific decline as GDP rises, Europe generally increases, the Middle East & North Africa and Latin America are bimodal, and sub-Saharan Africa remains largely unchanged. Gravity models show negative linear relationships overall, while within-region effects vary.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the study conclude that the income–emigration relationship is complex?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The results indicate that the relationship between national income and physician emigration depends heavily on geography, with different mechanisms likely operating across regions, producing inconsistent patterns in both descriptive trends and model estimates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},457639,1790812811,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Nwadiuko etal. Globalization and Health (2026) 22:5 Globalization and Health  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-025-01169-6](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-025-01169-6)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nGDP per capita and physician migration across world regions, 2000–2021  \nJoseph Nwadiuko 1,2*, Arrianna Marie Planey3, Naomi Zewde4 and Arturo Vargas Bustamante4  \nAbstract  \nBackground Physician migration is a problem of international concern, and studies have attempted to determine whether macroeconomic and developmental factors predict nationwide decreases in physician migration. Like the nutritional and epidemiologic transitions, there is an understood “migration transition” as well, with migration levels for highly educated individuals decreasing as national income increases. This approach can provide insights into the macroeconomic determinants and predictors of medical emigration.  \nMethods We drew annual data from 2000 to 2021 on new physician migration (i. e., flows) to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), converted into logged flows, and charted against logged origin country real GDP per capita (2017 international dollars, purchasing power parity) . We fit an ordinary least squares (OLS) model and gravity model, testing the relationship between the year-lagged natural log of real GDP per capita and the natural log of total annual emigration flows separately in ordinary least squares and gravity model analyses. Results Descriptive results show overall a U-shaped relationship between origin GDP and emigration rates; however, descriptive trends disaggregated by region of the world show that as origin GDP rises, migration outflows generally decline in Central Asia and East Asia & the Pacific; generally increase in Europe; are bimodal in the Middle East and North Africa and Latin America; and remain the same in sub-Saharan Africa. Gravity models demonstrate, across all regions, no quadratic relationship and a negative linear relationship. However, within-region models showed a negative relationship with origin GDP per capita in East Asia and the Pacific, Central and South Asia, and North America and no statistical effect elsewhere, although with increasing lags, there was a positive relationship in subSaharan Africa and the European Union (EU) and a positive relationship nearing statistical significance in non-EU European countries.  \nConclusion The relationship between national income and physician emigration is complex and heavily dependent on geography, indicating that different mechanisms might be driving physician migration trends in different regions. Keywords Physician migration, Health systems, Migration, Migration transition, Globalization  \n*Correspondence:  \nJoseph Nwadiuko  \n[jnwadiu1@pennmedicine.upenn.edu](jnwadiu1@pennmedicine.upenn.edu)  \n1Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perel man School of Medicine, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 2Leonard David Institute for Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA  \n3Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA  \n4Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s C","cbCailGBiXPfUtcW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailGBiXPfUtcW","pdf",3563495,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What data and models are used to study physician migration from 2000 to 2021?\",\"answer\":\"Annual OECD data from 2000–2021 on new physician migration flows are converted into logged flows and compared with logged origin-country real GDP per capita. The study applies both ordinary least squares (OLS) and gravity model analyses with a year-lagged GDP per capita variable.\"},{\"question\":\"How does origin GDP per capita relate to physician emigration rates across regions?\",\"answer\":\"Descriptive results show an overall U-shaped pattern, but trends differ by region: central and East Asia \\u0026 the Pacific decline as GDP rises, Europe generally increases, the Middle East \\u0026 North Africa and Latin America are bimodal, and sub-Saharan Africa remains largely unchanged. Gravity models show negative linear relationships overall, while within-region effects vary.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the study conclude that the income–emigration relationship is complex?\",\"answer\":\"The results indicate that the relationship between national income and physician emigration depends heavily on geography, with different mechanisms likely operating across regions, producing inconsistent patterns in both descriptive trends and model estimates.\"}]","GDP per capita and physician migration across world regions, 2000-2021 | PDF",1790750018,25]