[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-208407-en":3,"doc-seo-208407-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},208407,2336474466412,"\tJames","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",4,"Exam","GCSE Psychology Unit 1 - Personality - Key Studies and Key Words","GCSE Psychology Unit 1 content explains the meaning of personality and temperament, highlighting stability over time and the inherited nature of temperament. It introduces Thomas, Chess and Birch (1977) with aims, longitudinal method, findings that children fit “easy”, “difficult” or “slow to warm up” profiles, and the conclusion that temperament is innate. It also summarises Buss and Plomin (1984) twin-study evidence for genetic influence, plus Kagan and Snidman (1991) work on brain-based biological differences, including evaluations and limitations.","GCSE PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 1-PERSONALITY  \nKEY STUDIES AND KEY WORDS  \nGCSE PSYCHOLOGY  \nUNIT 1  \nWHAT IS PERSONALITY AND TEMPERAMENT?  \n WHAT IS PERSONLITY?  \n• PERSONALITY is made up “the thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique”  \n• This comes from within the person and so remains reasonably constant (i.e. they will remain the same indifferent situations)  \n– E.g. If someone has an aggressive personality they will be aggressive in every situation  \n• Personality can develop of years as a result of experience  \nWHAT IS PERSONLITY AND  TEMPERAMENT?  \n• TEMPERAMENT refers to inherited aspects of Personality, so it describes the way in which a person responds to the environment (this stays constant throughout life)  \n• Understanding Temperament can help people recognise which situations they find difficult  \n– They cannot change their temperament, but they can find ways of dealing with these situations (e.g. if they are easily distracted then they could remove all distractions before completing an important task)  \nTHOMAS, CHESS AND BIRCH (1977)  \n• AIM: To discover whether ways of responding to the environment remain stable throughout life  \n• METHOD: They studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. The children’s behaviour was observed and their parents interviewed. The parents were asked about the child’s routine and its reactions to change  \n• RESULTS: They found that the children fell into three types: “easy”,“difficult” or “slow to warm up”. The “easy” children were happy, flexible and regular. The “difficult” children were demanding, inflexible and cried a lot. The children that were “slow to warm up”did not respond well to change or new experiences to begin with, but once they had adapted they were usually happy  \n• CONCLUSION: These ways of responding to the environment stayed with the children as they developed. Thomas, Chess and Birch therefore concluded that temperament is innate  \nEVALUATION OF THOMAS, CHESS AND  \n BIRCH  \n• This is a longitudinal study of temperament, allowing the researchers to support the view that temperament is innate (as children show the same reactions to situations when they get older; suggesting an inborn response)  \n– A negative point of longitudinal studies is that some participants could drop out part-way through the study, which would affect the results  \n• Children were from middle-class families living in New York  \n– So results cannot be generalised to other social classes  \n• The parents may have been biased in the answers that they thought showed their children in the best possible way  \n BUSS AND PLOMIN (1984)  \n• AIM: To test the idea that temperament is innate  \n• METHOD: They studied 228 pairs of monozygotic twins and 172 pairs of dizygotic twins. They rated the temperament of the twins when they were 5 years old. They looked at three dimensions of behaviour  \n– Emotionality – how strong the child’s emotional response was  \n– Activity – how energetic the child was  \n– Sociability – how much the child wanted to be with other people  \n• They then compared the scores of each pairs of twins  \n• RESULTS: There was a closer correlation between the scores of the monozygotic twins than between the scores of the dizygotic twins  \n• CONCLUSION: Temperament has a genetic basis  \nEVALUATION OF BUSS AND  \n PLOMIN  \n• This study supports the view that temperament is innate (as the monozygotic twins, who are genetically identical, were more similar in emotionality, activity and sociability than dizygotic twins)  \n• Monozygotic twins are treated in very similar ways (so the correlation between their scores could be explained by their environment rather than by their genes)  \n• Research carried out on twins cannot be generalised to the whole population because not everyone is a twin  \nKAGAN AND SNIDMAN (1991)  \n• AIM: To investigate whether temperament is due to biological differences  \n• METHOD: They studied the reactions of four-month-old babies to new situations. For ","cbCaitFDWT64Ldau","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitFDWT64Ldau","pdf",386038,1,47,"English","en",105,"# What is personality and temperament?\n## What is personality?\n## Temperament: inherited aspects\n## Thomas, Chess and Birch (1977)\n## Evaluation of Thomas, Chess and Birch\n## Buss and Plomin (1984)\n## Evaluation of Buss and Plomin\n## Kagan and Snidman (1991)\n## Evaluation of Kagan and Snidman","[{\"question\":\"What is personality in GCSE psychology, and why is it usually stable?\",\"answer\":\"Personality is described as the thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique. It comes from within the person, so it tends to stay reasonably constant across situations.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Thomas, Chess and Birch (1977) measure temperament over time?\",\"answer\":\"They studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood, observing behaviour and interviewing parents about routines and reactions to change. They identified three temperament types: “easy”, “difficult” and “slow to warm up”.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence do twin studies and Kagan and Snidman (1991) provide about temperament?\",\"answer\":\"Buss and Plomin (1984) reported closer correlations for monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, supporting genetic influence. Kagan and Snidman (1991) linked different responses to new situations with inherited biological differences in brain responses.\"}]","GCSE Psychology Unit 1 - Personality - Key Studies and Key Words | PDF",1788603853,118,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":28},"gcse-psychology-unit-1-personality-key-studies-and-key-words","",{"@graph":36,"@context":84},[37,53,67],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gcse-psychology-unit-1-personality-key-studies-and-key-words/208407/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is personality in GCSE psychology, and why is it usually stable?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"Personality is described as the thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique. It comes from within the person, so it tends to stay reasonably constant across situations.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How did Thomas, Chess and Birch (1977) measure temperament over time?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"They studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood, observing behaviour and interviewing parents about routines and reactions to change. They identified three temperament types: “easy”, “difficult” and “slow to warm up”.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What evidence do twin studies and Kagan and Snidman (1991) provide about temperament?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Buss and Plomin (1984) reported closer correlations for monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins, supporting genetic influence. 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