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Explains student-facing adjustments for post-Brexit changes across migration, fishing, and travel, including free movement ending, points-based immigration, fishing licence rules, phased quotas, and ongoing trade 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centres in relation to the changes made in Issue 2 of the specification.  \nThe information is correct at the time of publication, but centres should adapt it where necessary when required.  \nSpecification changes, and what they mean for teaching  \nTheme B, topic 2  \nReference to the electoral system for the European Parliament has been removed.  \nTheme B, topic 6  \nIn the second bullet point, the word ‘former’ has been added before ‘membership of the EU’. What students need to know:  \nParliament incorporated almost all EU legislation into UK legislation after Brexit. But like any UK laws, Parliament may update and amend this in the future.  \nTheme C, topic 1  \nIn the second bullet point, the words ‘to achieve justice’ have been added. The reason is to make more explicit that one of the purposes of the law is to achieve justice.  \nWhat students need to know  \nThis was already implicit within the taught content as a fundamental principle of law, and so the impact on teaching is minimal.  \nTheme C, topic 2  \nIn the third bullet point, reference to the EU has been removed as a source of law.  \nTheme D, topic 6, bullet point 1  \nThis first bullet point now reads:  \n• The different roles of the Council of Europe and the European Union.  \nWhat students need to know For the Council of Europe:  \n• The Council of Europe was founded after the Second World War.  \n• The aims of the Council of Europe are to promote three values:  \n− democracy  \n− human rights  \n− the rule of law  \n• The Council of Europe is completely separate from the EU. It was created before the EU was formed and is larger in terms of membership. Members of the Council of Europe currently include almost all European countries (in 2022 the main exceptions are Russia and Belarus) .  \n• As of 2022, the UK remains a member of the Council of Europe.  \n• The Council of Europe created the European Convention on Human Rights (see ThemeA for what this contains) . The European Convention on Human Rights is protected by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg, which hears applications by individuals, groups, or states if they believe that the Convention has been breached and reaches a judgement.  \n[See page 2 of the 2022 GCSE Citizenship Studies specification (issue 2) support and resources document, for additional support and resources on the Council of Europe: [https://bit.ly/3Cn7NA2](https://bit.ly/3Cn7NA2)]  \nFor the European Union (EU) :  \n• The European Union (EU) was formed in 1957 as an economic community but has now become a more political, economic, and social union.  \n• The EU operates as a single market, which aims to guarantee free movement of:  \n− goods and services  \n− money  \n− people  \n• EU citizens have freedom to live and work anywhere within in the EU.  \n• The EU has a Parliament with representatives from all member countries, which makes laws that all EU countries must follow.  \n• The EU makes policies that apply to member countries relating to things like  \nfishing, agriculture and trade. The EU also negotiates agreements on these issues with countries outside the EU.  \n[See page 4 of the 2022 GCSE Citizenship Studies specification (issue 2) support and resources document, for additional support and resources on the European Union: [https://bit.ly/3Cn7NA2](https://bit.ly/3Cn7NA2)]  \nTheme D, topic 6, bullet point 2  \nThis second and third bullet points have been replaced with a bullet point that reads:  \n• How the UK’s relationship with the EU has changed post-Brexit as a result of decisions taken about migration, fishing, travel and trade.  \nThe focus is now on the relationship between the EU and UK since Brexit. Each of the four specified areas of migration, fishing, travel and trade is covered below.  \nWhat students need to know  \nFor changes related to migration:  \n• The free movement of people between the UK and EU countr","cbCaic9nya1O9aYa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic9nya1O9aYa","pdf",117013,"English","# Specification changes, and what they mean for teaching\n## Theme B, topic 2\n## Theme B, topic 6\n## Theme C, topic 1\n## Theme C, topic 2\n## Theme D, topic 6\n### Council of Europe and European Union roles\n### Post-Brexit relationship: migration, fishing, travel and trade","[{\"question\":\"What is the document’s purpose for GCSE Citizenship Studies centres?\",\"answer\":\"It provides guidance on how Issue 2 specification changes should affect teaching for centres.\"},{\"question\":\"Which references were removed or altered in specific themes and topics?\",\"answer\":\"It removes the electoral system reference to the European Parliament and updates wording in several theme topics, including clarification of legal purposes and removal of EU references as a source of law.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the guidance describe post-Brexit changes for migration?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that free movement of people between the UK and EU has ended, the UK uses a points-based immigration system, EU citizens apply using the same points-based framework (with noted exclusions), and UK citizens generally need work permits to live or work in most EU countries.\"}]","GCSE (9-1) Citizenship Studies - Guidance on changes made to Issue 2 | PDF"]