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SPB-201 pretreatment (50 mg/kg) markedly reduced gastric lesion areas, improved histology, lowered acid secretion moderately, and increased gastric pH. It restored antioxidant capacity via increased glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase while decreasing malondialdehyde. It also inhibited NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase at mRNA and protein levels by blocking NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In cancer and macrophage models, SPB-201 improved viability, enhanced antioxidant gene expression, and reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine transcripts (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gastroprotective-effects-of-artemisia-annua-l-anti-oxidative-and-anti-inflammatory-activities/433404/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gastroprotective-effects-of-artemisia-annua-l-anti-oxidative-and-anti-inflammatory-activities/433404.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What model was used to test SPB-201’s gastroprotective effects?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"SPB-201 was tested in a hydrochloric acid/ethanol-induced acute gastritis rat model and in gastric cell models under oxidative stress conditions, including human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How does SPB-201 act at the antioxidant level?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"SPB-201 improves antioxidant capacity by elevating glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase and by reducing malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How does SPB-201 reduce inflammation in the described experiments?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"SPB-201 suppresses NF-κB activation by reducing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and downregulating inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},433404,1790713825,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":41},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2025;30(6):570-581 [https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2025.30.6.570](https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2025.30.6.570)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2025.30.6.570)[ISSN 2287-8602](ISSN 2287-8602)  \nGastroprotective Effects of Artemisia annua L., on an Hydrochloric Acid/Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastritis Model via Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities  \nSooyeon Choi 1, Soo-Yeon Ahn 1, Hee-Jin Yang 1, Su-Jin Park2, Seong Hyun Ho2, Byoungduck Han3, and Seon-Hee Kim 1,4  \n1Sungkyun Biotech, Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 16648, Korea  \n2G&P Bioscience Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi 10545, Korea  \n3 Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea 4 Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi 16419, Korea  \nABSTRACT: SPB-201, a water extract of Artemisia annua L., was investigated for its gastroprotective effects against hydrochloric acid/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats and oxidative stress-induced damage in gastric cell models, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with SPB-201 (50 mg/kg) showed significantly reduced gastric lesion areas, improved histological architecture, modestly decreased gastric acid secretion, and increased gastric pH compared to non-treated controls. SPB-201 significantly restored antioxidant capacity by elevating glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase levels while reducing malondialdehyde levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation. SPB-201 also suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-􀁎B) and inducible nitric oxide synthase, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Most notably, SPB-201 reduced the nuclear translocation of the NF-􀁎B p65 subunit, thereby preventing NF-􀁎B activation. In human gastric adenocarcinoma cells, SPB-201 improved cell viability and upregulated the expression of key antioxidant genes, including heme oxygenase-1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic, and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunits. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, SPB-201 significantly reduced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-􀁄, interleukin-1􀁅 (IL1􀁅), and IL6. The findings demonstrated that SPB-201 enhances GSH-dependent antioxidant defenses and attenuates oxidative stress-induced inflammation, thereby protecting gastric mucosal integrity. SPB-201 might serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal injuries associated with oxidative damage, such as gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.  \nKeywords: antioxidants, Artemisia, gastritis, inflammation, stomach ulcer  \nINTRODUCTION  \nGastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa that occurs when the balance of protective and aggressive factors in the stomach is disrupted by harmful features such as acid, pepsin, alcohol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bacterial infection (primarily Helicobacter pylori), or stress (Boltin and Niv, 2014). The symptoms of gastritis include pain, swelling, and irritation of the gastric mucosa and a loss of appetite and vomiting (Li et al., 2020). Current treatments for gastritis involve the inhibition of gastric acid secretion through the administration of histamine H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine) or proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) (Black, 1987;  \nElseweidy, 2017). However, these drugs can cause side effects such as nephrotoxicity, osteoporosis, and hepatotoxicity, and there have also been reports of progression to gastric cancer (Black et al., 1984; Fisher and Le Couteur, 2001; Lespessailles and Toumi, 2022). Recently, research into the safe treatment of gastritis using natural plant extracts, resulting in fewer side effects, has become a topic of interest. Several natural plant extracts have been reported to alleviate gastritis primarily by reducing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by hydrochloric acid (HCl)/","cbCailVVgeKAChHc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailVVgeKAChHc","pdf",3147794,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What model was used to test SPB-201’s gastroprotective effects?\",\"answer\":\"SPB-201 was tested in a hydrochloric acid/ethanol-induced acute gastritis rat model and in gastric cell models under oxidative stress conditions, including human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.\"},{\"question\":\"How does SPB-201 act at the antioxidant level?\",\"answer\":\"SPB-201 improves antioxidant capacity by elevating glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase and by reducing malondialdehyde, a marker of lipid peroxidation.\"},{\"question\":\"How does SPB-201 reduce inflammation in the described experiments?\",\"answer\":\"SPB-201 suppresses NF-κB activation by reducing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit and downregulating inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).\"}]","Gastroprotective Effects of Artemisia annua L. - Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities | PDF",1790663999]