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Participants reported minutes spent weekly on seven EE activities via a one-week language diary with parental guidance, while vocabulary proficiency was measured using the PPVT™-4. Most time went to gaming, music, and television; boys gamed far more than girls, and gaming with oral and written or written-only English correlated with vocabulary scores, especially for boys.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gaming-as-an-english-language-learning-resource-among-young-children-in-denmark/595647/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gaming-as-an-english-language-learning-resource-among-young-children-in-denmark/595647.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Well Done","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is extramural English (EE) in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Extramural English refers to English language use engaged in outside the classroom, associated with incidental learning.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were students’ EE habits and vocabulary proficiency measured?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"EE habits were recorded using a one-week language diary with parental guidance, and vocabulary proficiency was measured with the PPVT™-4.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What relationship did the study find between gaming and vocabulary scores?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Gaming involving English input was significantly related to vocabulary scores, particularly for boys.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},595647,1792191051,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909892210082,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/56001069da27c9f41e8?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789614185077863061","calico journal (online) issn 2056–9017  \nArticle  \nGaming as an English Language Learning Resource among Young Children in Denmark  \nSigne Hannibal Jensen  \nAbstract  \nThis article presents a study of Danish young English language learners’ (YELLs’) contact with and use of Extramural English (EE) (N = 107, aged 8 [n = 49] and 10 [n = 58]). They have received little formal English instruction: two lessons per week for one year. Data on EE-habits were collected with a one-week language diary (self-report with parental guidance). Participants reported minutes spent each day on seven EE-activities: gaming, listening to music, reading, talking, watching television, writing, and other. Vocabulary proficiency scores were obtained using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT™-4). The results show that most time was spent on gaming, music, and watching television. Boys gamed significantly more (p \u003C .001) than girls (235 minutes/week vs. 47 minutes/week). Additionally, the results show that gaming with both oral and written English input and gaming with only written English input are significantly related to vocabulary scores, in particular for boys. By investigating the EE-habits of YELLs and relations with second language (L2) English vocabulary learning, this study adds valuable new insights and knowledge about a topic that is becoming increasingly important for children in a globalized world.  \nKeywords: extramural English; gaming; young learners; YELLs; L2 vocabulary learning; SLA; usage-based approach  \nIntroduction  \nBeing a small country with 5.6 million inhabitants, Denmark has always prioritized foreign language teaching, with English being taught as the primary foreign language in public schools since 1975. Following the trend in many other European countries (EACEA, 2012), as of 2014 the starting age for learning  \nAffiliation  \nUniversity of Southern Denmark.  \nemail: [sihaje@sdu.dk](sihaje@sdu.dk)  \ncalico journal vol 34.1 2017 1–19 doi : 10.1558/cj.29519  \n©2017, equinox publishing  \n2 Gaming as an English Language Learning Resource  \nEnglish was lowered from third to first grade. Given the fact that presently English is undoubtedly the lingua franca of the world, there is great political focus on English as a school subject in Denmark. Moreover, the possibilities of encountering English outside school in Denmark are rich. Many second language acquisition (SLA) researchers agree that there is a potential for language learning outside the formal educational system (cf. Benson & Reinders, 2011). A large part of the world’s population has access to English on an everyday basis outside school, which has created an increased interest in the potential of out-ofclass English as a “tool” for learning English, also known as extramural English (Sundqvist, 2009). However, very little research on extramural English targeting young English language learners (YELLs) has been carried out, and hardly any studies exist on YELLs and the potential language learning benefits of playing digital games This article aims to, at least partly, fill this gap in research by firstly mapping the extramural landscape for Danish YELLs, and secondly by examining a particular activity (that is, gaming) to see whether it correlates with vocabulary learning outcomes and whether the language mode of the game might be relevant for vocabulary learning. The article addresses these issues from a gender perspective since previous research has found significant gender differences for extramural use (Gretlund & Heiselberg, 2013; Olsson, 2011; Sundqvist & Sylvén, 2014). In what follows, the article reviews previous research on extramural English and describes the situation for English in Denmark, after which the research questions and study design are described. Results are subsequently presented and discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.  \nBackground  \nThe term extramural English (EE), coined by Sundqvist (2009, p. 1), refers to English th","cbCaihF2gZRlbiQm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihF2gZRlbiQm","pdf",374812,"English","# Introduction\n## Background\n## Previous Research\n## Results and Discussion","[{\"question\":\"What is extramural English (EE) in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Extramural English refers to English language use engaged in outside the classroom, associated with incidental learning.\"},{\"question\":\"How were students’ EE habits and vocabulary proficiency measured?\",\"answer\":\"EE habits were recorded using a one-week language diary with parental guidance, and vocabulary proficiency was measured with the PPVT™-4.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship did the study find between gaming and vocabulary scores?\",\"answer\":\"Gaming involving English input was significantly related to vocabulary scores, particularly for boys.\"}]","Gaming as an English Language Learning Resource among Young Children in Denmark | PDF",1792081545,48]