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The work evaluates the relevance of dogs as a spontaneous animal model for human GB NENs and aims to clarify comparative clinical and diagnostic features across species.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/gallbladder-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-in-dogs-and-humans-review/333709/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/gallbladder-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-in-dogs-and-humans-review/333709.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Ezra","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How rare are gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms in dogs and humans?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"They are described as among the rarest cancers reported in both humans and dogs.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What does the review compare between canine and human GB NENs?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It compares demographics, clinical pathophysiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic response, with the goal of modeling clinical and diagnostic features across species.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Why are dogs considered potentially relevant as a model for human GB NENs?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review’s aim is to explore the relevance of dogs as a spontaneous model by characterizing and contrasting the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of naturally occurring tumors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},333709,1790112606,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514068035,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","veterinary sciences  \nReview  \nGallbladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Dogs and Humans  \nNadia Kelly 1, Yen-Tse Wu 1,2 and Andrea N. Johnston 1, *  \nCitation: Kelly, N.; Wu, Y.-T.; Johnston, A.N. Gallbladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Dogs and Humans. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 371 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)vetsci11080371  \nAcademic Editors: Sara Cáceres Ramos and Paloma Jimena De Andrés Gamazo  \nReceived: 30 June 2024  \nRevised: 28 July 2024  \nAccepted: 9 August 2024  \nPublished: 12 August 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; [nkelly5@lsu.edu](nkelly5@lsu.edu) (N.K.); [ywu95@ncsu.edu](ywu95@ncsu.edu) (Y.-T.W.)  \n2 Emergency & Critical Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA  \n* [Correspondence: johnston1@lsu.edu](Correspondence: johnston1@lsu.edu)  \nSimple Summary: Cancers of the gallbladder arise in dogs and humans. Neuroendocrine neoplasms are the rarest type of gallbladder cancer in both species. This review summarizes the characteristics of canine and human gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms with the objective of comparatively modeling clinical and diagnostic features of these spontaneously occurring neoplasms.  \nAbstract: Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (GB NENs) are among the rarest cancers reported in humans and dogs. This review provides a detailed review of the canine GB NEN literature and an interspecies comparison of demographics, clinical pathophysiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic response of GB NENs. The aim of this work is to explore the relevance of dogs as a spontaneous model for human GB NENs.  \nKeywords: neuroendocrine tumors; neuroendocrine carcinomas; canine; hepatobiliary cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nHistorically referred to as carcinoids (from karzinoide, meaning “carcinoma-like”), neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors derived from cells of the neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrine (NE) cells, which may be glandforming or diffusely distributed, characteristically express features of both endocrine cells and neurons [1] . Functionally, NE cells synthesize bioactive amines, peptides, and hormones. Similar to serotonergic neurons, bioactive molecules are stored within dense core granules that are released in response to receptor-mediated stimuli [2] . The specific hormonal products secreted by NE cells differ depending on their tissue niche, and NENsarising from anatomically distinct sites often exhibit diverse biologic behavior [1,3–5] .  \nNENs account for approximately 0.5% of all human malignancies. The majority of these neoplasms occur in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, a pattern of distribution that reflects the high concentration of dispersed neuroendocrine cells within these organs. Less common sites of origin include the pancreas, skin, urogenital tract, and hepatobiliary system [6] . Historically, NENs were classified according to their synthetic hormone profile, but this classification scheme was complicated by the complexity of NEN phenotypes. Nomenclature guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO) have refined the terminology by dividing NENs into categories based on histopathologic features, includingthe well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), and mixed neuroendocrine carcinomas which have features of NENs and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN) [7,8] . NETs are further subdivided into grades 1–3, with grades 1 a","cbCaietrUTAG4woQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaietrUTAG4woQ","pdf",545584,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Historical classification and WHO terminology\n## Incidence and veterinary perspective\n# Characteristics of Neuroendocrine Cells\n## Neuroendocrine system distribution\n## Cellular functions and secretion biology","[{\"question\":\"How rare are gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms in dogs and humans?\",\"answer\":\"They are described as among the rarest cancers reported in both humans and dogs.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review compare between canine and human GB NENs?\",\"answer\":\"It compares demographics, clinical pathophysiology, pathobiology, and therapeutic response, with the goal of modeling clinical and diagnostic features across species.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are dogs considered potentially relevant as a model for human GB NENs?\",\"answer\":\"The review’s aim is to explore the relevance of dogs as a spontaneous model by characterizing and contrasting the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of naturally occurring tumors.\"}]","Gallbladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms in Dogs and Humans - Review | PDF",1790003679,33]