[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-345527-105":59,"doc-detail-345527-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","fusion-oncogenes-in-cancer-organoid-models-and-novel-therapeutic-approaches","Fusion oncogenes in cancer - organoid models and novel therapeutic approaches","","Oncogenic fusions, produced by chromosomal rearrangements, arise across multiple cancers, especially pediatric malignancies. Sequencing advances improve fusion detection, yet clarifying their mechanisms and tumorigenic capacity is difficult due to the scarcity of faithful human-based models. Organoids provide physiologically relevant, in vivo-like systems that enable new mechanistic and therapeutic insights. This review explains how bottom-up tumor modeling and tumoroid derivation are used to study fusion-bearing cancers and to support future therapeutic discovery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fusion-oncogenes-in-cancer-organoid-models-and-novel-therapeutic-approaches/345527/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fusion-oncogenes-in-cancer-organoid-models-and-novel-therapeutic-approaches/345527.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Levi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What creates oncogenic fusion genes in cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Oncogenic fusions result from abnormal chromosomal rearrangements that delete, invert, amplify, or exchange genomic segments, producing chimeric products with deregulated or newly acquired functions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why are faithful model systems important for studying oncogenic fusions?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Understanding fusion mechanisms and tumorigenic potential is challenging because reliable human-based model systems are limited, which restricts experimental validation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do organoids contribute to fusion-bearing cancer research?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Organoids offer a physiologically relevant, in vivo-like model system, enabling bottom-up tumor modeling and tumoroid derivation to generate mechanistic and therapeutic insights for fusion-driven cancers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},345527,1790127780,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740909,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Bracesco etal. BMC Biology (2026) 24:135 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02606-7](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-026-02606-7)  \nBMC Biology  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nFusion oncogenes in cancer: organoid models and novel therapeutic approaches  \nLucia Bracesco 1, Delilah Hendriks 1*† and Benedetta Artegiani1*†  \nAbstract  \nOncogenic fusions, arising from chromosomal rearrangements, occur in several cancers, particularly in those of pediatric origin. Advances in sequencing technologies have improved fusion detection; yet, understanding their mechanisms and tumorigenic potential remains challenging. This is partly due to the limited availability of faithful humanbased model systems. Organoids have emerged as a physiologically relevant model system with in vivo-like traits and have recently allowed to obtain novel mechanistic and therapeutic insights for oncogenic fusion-bearing cancers. This review discusses how, through bottom-up tumor modeling as well as tumoroid derivation, these models are being employed to increase our understanding of fusion-bearing cancers, and how they can help future therapeutic discovery for these tumors.  \nKeywords Cancer, Oncofusions, Oncogenes, Organoids, Tumoroids  \nOncogenic fusion genes  \nFusion genes are common features in cancer and result from abnormal chromosomal rearrangements where genomic segments are deleted, inverted in orientation, amplified, or exchanged between chromosomes [1](Fig. 1A). These events can fuse regulatory or coding regions of different genes, resulting in chimeric products with deregulated or newly acquired functions, often involving kinase and DNA-binding domains, that can act as oncogenes by aberrantly activating or inactivating signaling pathways critical for cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, and differentiation [2].  \nNumerous oncogenic fusions have been shown to be driver mutations in different types of leukemias and solid tumors [1]. Examples of well-known oncogenic fusions  \n†Delilah Hendriks and Benedetta Artegiani are co-last authors.  \n*Correspondence:  \nDelilah Hendriks[d.f.g.hendriks-7@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl](d.f.g.hendriks-7@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)[ ](d.f.g.hendriks-7@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)Benedetta Artegiani[b.a.artegiani@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl](b.a.artegiani@prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)  \n1 Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands  \ninclude BCR-ABL, present in a vast majority of chronic myeloid leukemia cases [3], PML-RARA in acute myeloid leukemia [4], EML4-ALK in non-small cell lung cancer [5], and TMPRSS2-ERG in prostate cancer [6, 7]. Oncogenic fusions are also particularly abundant—often considered hallmarks—of various pediatric cancers [8, 9]. As these cancers typically bear a lower mutational burden than adult cancers, oncogenic fusions may play particularly important roles in the biology of pediatric tumors. Examples of well-known oncogenic fusions include DNAJB1-PRKACA in fibrolamellar carcinoma [10], EWSR1-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma [11], PAX3/7-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma [12], and SS18-SSX1/2/4 in synovial sarcoma [13], as well as an array of fusion genes in various pediatric brain tumors [14] (e.g., BRAF kinase fusions in pilocytic astrocytomas [15], TTYH1-C19MC in embryonal brain tumor with multi-layered rosettes [16], and ZFTA-RELA in ependymomas [17]). Thanks to continued improvements in sequencing and detection methods [18–20], novel fusion genes are still being discovered and associated with specific cancers. However, the extent to which these fusions act as drivers, as well as their precise function, often remains open for further experimental validation.  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a ","cbCaisIwHOmZZv9h","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisIwHOmZZv9h","pdf",2279368,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Oncogenic fusion genes\n# Organoids as model system to study cancer biology\n# Targeted therapeutic opportunities","[{\"question\":\"What creates oncogenic fusion genes in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Oncogenic fusions result from abnormal chromosomal rearrangements that delete, invert, amplify, or exchange genomic segments, producing chimeric products with deregulated or newly acquired functions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are faithful model systems important for studying oncogenic fusions?\",\"answer\":\"Understanding fusion mechanisms and tumorigenic potential is challenging because reliable human-based model systems are limited, which restricts experimental validation.\"},{\"question\":\"How do organoids contribute to fusion-bearing cancer research?\",\"answer\":\"Organoids offer a physiologically relevant, in vivo-like model system, enabling bottom-up tumor modeling and tumoroid derivation to generate mechanistic and therapeutic insights for fusion-driven cancers.\"}]","Fusion oncogenes in cancer - organoid models and novel therapeutic approaches | PDF",1790057975,33]