[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-148318-en":3,"doc-seo-148318-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},148318,962075006959,"Anda","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e0002397efbe92a78e?_k=1776741047341049297",6,"Technology","Fundamentals of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction - Chapter 11 - Introduction","Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is presented as a sustainable, high-efficiency alternative to conventional extraction methods used in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and related industries. The chapter explains ultrasound as acoustic energy above human hearing and outlines advantages such as rapid extraction, selectivity, reproducibility, mild operating conditions, and reduced energy use. It links UAE performance to ultrasound fundamentals, including low- and high-power ultrasound definitions and the cavitation mechanism that disrupts cell walls and enhances mass transfer.","Chapter 11  \nFundamentals of  \nUltrasound-Assisted Extraction  \nIsela Lavilla, Carlos Bendicho Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nNowadays, ultrasound is considered as a versatile energy that is being successfully used in fields as diverse as medicine, navigation, or industry. Ultrasound is an energy form associated with sound at frequencies above those detected by the human ear. In fact, this energy is used in many industrial applications, such as homogenization, emulsification, extraction, crystallization, degassing, defoaming, cleaning, etc. Ultrasound has advantages in these processes, particularly in terms of rapidity, selectivity, reproducibility, operation under soft conditions, and energy saving. These last benefits make it possible to consider ultrasound as a green or sustainable technology. Several of the “12 principles of green engineering”(Anastas and Zimmerman, 2003) are fulfilled when ultrasound is used.  \nIn this context, in recent years, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or alimentary industries using classical extraction techniques, such as soxhlet extraction, maceration, hydrodistillation, etc., have been concerned about sustainability issues. As a result, new extraction techniques have been implemented to reduce energy consumption, emissions, and costs and, incidentally, increase safety and quality of products (Handa, 2008) . Among the different possibilities, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) plays an important role as a tool for extraction of bioactive compounds from plants, fruits, algae, fungi, bacteria, and even animals, both at laboratory and industrial scales. Natural products usually needing extraction times over several hours or days by classical solideliquid extraction methods can be successfully extracted by UAE within minutes. This acceleration is due to different ultrasound effects that give rise to cell wall disruption and enhanced mass transfer. In addition, less restrictions on potential usable solvents (enabling the use nontoxic solvents, i.e., ethanolewater mixtures are often used) and a reduction of the solvent consumption can be highlighted.  \nWater Extraction of Bioactive Compounds. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809380-1.00011-5](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809380-1.00011-5)  \nCopyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 291  \n292 Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds  \nFIGURE 11.1 Range of sound frequency, including some natural sounds and processes. Modified from Mason, T.J., Peters, D., 2011. Practical Sonochemistry: Power Ultrasound Uses and Applications, second ed. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, Horwood Publishing Series in Chemical Science.  \nIn the range of sound frequency (Fig. 11.1), ultrasound is situated above 16 kHz (the upper limit is not clearly defined) (Mason and Peters, 2011; Bendicho and Lavilla, 2013) .  \nIn turn, considering the energy for inducing vibrational motion of the medium molecules, this range can be divided in low-power (high-frequency) ultrasound (LPU, with frequencies higher than 100 kHz) and high-power (lowfrequency) ultrasound (HPU, with frequencies between 16/20 and 100 kHz) . LPU (usually 1e10 MHz) is used for noninvasive analysis. For this purpose, changes in the velocity, attenuation, or frequency of ultrasound can be used. HPU is implemented in many industrial applications cited above (including UAE) as a result of its physical and chemical effects. Fig. 11.2 shows some industrial uses of HPU and LPU.  \nEffects of HPU rely on the cavitation phenomenon. The microbubbles that are generated under ultrasound irradiation cause the disruption of biological cell walls and facilitate the solvent penetration, thus improving the extraction of bioactive components. HPU for extraction purposes can be accomplished using baths or probes designed on the basis of the specific application, both at laboratory and industrial scale (in this last case, considerably more difficult to achieve) . In this chapter, an overview on ultrasoun","cbCaiv9o8GG12VfL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv9o8GG12VfL","pdf",863894,1,26,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Ultrasound-assisted extraction overview\n## Fundamentals of ultrasound\n### Ultrasonic waves","[{\"question\":\"Why is ultrasound considered useful for extraction processes?\",\"answer\":\"Ultrasound provides rapidity, selectivity, reproducibility, mild operating conditions, and energy savings, supporting greener extraction. It can also enable faster extraction of bioactive compounds compared with classical methods.\"},{\"question\":\"What physical effects underpin ultrasound-assisted extraction?\",\"answer\":\"High-power ultrasound relies on cavitation: ultrasound irradiation generates microbubbles that disrupt biological cell walls and improve solvent penetration, enhancing extraction efficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"How are low-power and high-power ultrasound distinguished?\",\"answer\":\"The chapter divides ultrasound into low-power (high-frequency) ultrasound, typically above 100 kHz, and high-power (lower-frequency) ultrasound, between about 16/20 kHz and 100 kHz, each associated with different uses and effects.\"}]","Fundamentals of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction - Chapter 11 - Introduction | PDF",1787778588,66,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"fundamentals-of-ultrasound-assisted-extraction-chapter-11-introduction","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fundamentals-of-ultrasound-assisted-extraction-chapter-11-introduction/148318/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-31","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why is ultrasound considered useful for extraction processes?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Ultrasound provides rapidity, selectivity, reproducibility, mild operating conditions, and energy savings, supporting greener extraction. It can also enable faster extraction of bioactive compounds compared with classical methods.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What physical effects underpin ultrasound-assisted extraction?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"High-power ultrasound relies on cavitation: ultrasound irradiation generates microbubbles that disrupt biological cell walls and improve solvent penetration, enhancing extraction efficiency.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How are low-power and high-power ultrasound distinguished?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The chapter divides ultrasound into low-power (high-frequency) ultrasound, typically above 100 kHz, and high-power (lower-frequency) ultrasound, between about 16/20 kHz and 100 kHz, each associated with different uses and effects.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,114,119,124,129,132,136],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]