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Many cases are identified at advanced stages, limiting reliability for early lesions that are typically small or flat. Removing lesions early can reduce cancer mortality by lowering later metastasis risk, and the review synthesizes origins, metastatic mechanisms, and current diagnostic methods for clinical use, emphasizing the role of medical robotics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fundamentals-of-bowel-cancer-for-biomedical-engineers/377586/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fundamentals-of-bowel-cancer-for-biomedical-engineers/377586.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What causes bowel cancer according to the review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Bowel cancer arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is bowel cancer currently detected and why is early detection difficult?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Detection is mainly performed by visual inspection during endoscopy or by cross-sectional imaging, but these modalities are less reliable for early lesions that are small or flat.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the review’s focus regarding metastasis and early diagnosis?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review summarizes the origin of bowel cancer and the mechanism of metastasis, and highlights early diagnosis needs and the potential roles of medical robotics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},377586,1790923514,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 4, April 2023 (􀀂 2023) pp. 679–701 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03155-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03155-8)  \nBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY  \nReview  \nFundamentals of Bowel Cancer for Biomedical Engineers  \nJIYUAN TIAN, 1 KENNETH OMOKHAGBO AFEBU, 1 ANDREW BICKERDIKE, 1 YANG LIU , 1 SHYAM PRASAD,2 and BRADLEY J. NELSON3  \n1Engineering Department, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; 2Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK; and 3Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zu¨rich, Tannenstrasse 3,  \n8092 Zurich, Switzerland  \n(Received 28 December 2022; accepted 21 January 2023; published online 14 February 2023)  \nAssociate Editor Stefan M. Duma oversaw the review of this article.  \nAbstract—Bowel cancer is a multifactorial disease arising from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Detection of bowel cancer and its precursor lesions is predominantly performed by either visual inspection of the colonic mucosa during endoscopy or crosssectional imaging. Most cases are diagnosed when the cancer is already at an advanced stage. These modalities are less reliable for detecting lesions at the earliest stages, when they are typically small or flat. Removal of lesions at the earliest possible stage reduces the risk of cancer death, which is largely due to a reduced risk of subsequent metastasis. In this review, we summarised the origin of bowel cancer and the mechanism of its metastasis. In particular, we reviewed abroad spectrum of literatures covering the biomechanics of bowel cancer and its measurement techniques that are pertinent to the successful development of a bowel cancer diagnostic device. We also reviewed existing bowel cancer diagnostic techniques that are available for clinical use. Finally, we outlined current clinical needs and highlighted the potential roles of medical robotics on early bowel cancer diagnosis.  \nKeywords—Bowel cancer, Bowel cancer biomechanics, Bowel cancer diagnosis, Bowel cancer metastasis, Colorectal cancer.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nAccording to Digestive Cancers Europe,27 bowel cancer (specifically cancer of the colon or rectum, collectively known as colorectal cancer) is the second deadliest cancer, responsible for approximately 170,000 deaths every year in the European Union  \nAddress correspondence to Yang Liu, Engineering Department, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.  \nElectronic mail: [y.liu2@exeter.ac.uk](y.liu2@exeter.ac.uk)  \nalone. Survival rates vary across European countries due to national variations in healthcare and locally provided treatment strategies.98 Although early cancer detection can significantly improve patients’ outcomes, most cases are detected at a late stage once local and distant spread (metastasis) has occurred and when the chance of cure is small. If more cases were diagnosed atan early stage (from the current 13% to a targeted 50%), up to 130,000 more lives could be saved each year and more than e3 billion in healthcare spending could potentially be saved.27 In the UK, over 50% of bowel cancer cases are diagnosed at a late stage, and, even prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, 20–64% of National Health Service (NHS) endoscopy units in the four nations of the UK were failing to meet urgent suspected cancer targets.116 Shortages of endoscopistsand nursing staff were cited as the highest barriers to meeting demand. Thus, in order to improve survival rates and reduce the heavy burden of bowel cancer on patients, healthcare systems, and the wider economy, more effective screening techniques and programs for early cancer detection must be developed and introduced.  \nDetection of bowel cancer and its precursor lesions (dysplastic polyps) is currently performed by either visual inspection of the colonic mucosa during endoscopy or cross-sectional imaging. Most cases are diagnosed when the cancer is already at an advance","cbCaihdT7xn5XdZJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihdT7xn5XdZJ","pdf",2131557,23,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What causes bowel cancer according to the review?\",\"answer\":\"Bowel cancer arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.\"},{\"question\":\"How is bowel cancer currently detected and why is early detection difficult?\",\"answer\":\"Detection is mainly performed by visual inspection during endoscopy or by cross-sectional imaging, but these modalities are less reliable for early lesions that are small or flat.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the review’s focus regarding metastasis and early diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"The review summarizes the origin of bowel cancer and the mechanism of metastasis, and highlights early diagnosis needs and the potential roles of medical robotics.\"}]","Fundamentals of Bowel Cancer for Biomedical Engineers | PDF",1790226084,58]