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FGF21 is highly expressed in cardiac hypertrophy and is associated with protection against heart injury and dysfunction, with reported use in mouse models, though preclinical and clinical trial evidence remains limited. Aim of review: Summarize FGF21 functions and clarify how these functions relate to cardiac hypertrophy. Key concepts cover energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, and propose FGF21 as a potential therapeutic strategy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/functions-of-fgf21-and-its-role-in-cardiac-hypertrophy/434338/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/functions-of-fgf21-and-its-role-in-cardiac-hypertrophy/434338.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is FGF21 and why is it relevant to cardiac hypertrophy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"FGF21 is a stress-inducible hormone that operates via autocrine or paracrine signaling. It is highly expressed in cardiac hypertrophy and is reported to protect against heart injury and dysfunction.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which biological processes does the review link to FGF21 in cardiac hypertrophy?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review connects FGF21 with energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. It summarizes mechanisms by which FGF21 regulates initiation and development of cardiac hypertrophy.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What treatment potential does FGF21 have for cardiac hypertrophy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review proposes FGF21 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy, while noting that relevant preclinical and clinical evidence remains constrained.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},434338,1791177571,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Journal of Advanced Research 79 (2026) 475–489  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nJournal of Advanced Research  \njournal [homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jare](homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jare)  \nReview Article  \nFunctions of FGF21 and its role in cardiac hypertrophy Lei Chen a,b, Meng Gao a,b, Sang-Bing Ong c, Guohua Gong a,b,⁎  \na Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China b Institute for Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiology and Medical Innovation Center, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China  \nc Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), China  \n\n| h i g h l i g h t s\u003Cbr>• FGF21 is regulated by PPARa and PPARc.\u003Cbr>• The FGFR-KLB signal pathway is activated by FGF21 in hypertrophy.\u003Cbr>• FGF21 protects cardiac hypertrophy via regulating FAO, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy.\u003Cbr>• FGF21 may be a molecular target for cardiac hypertrophy treatment. | g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t\u003Cbr>|  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| a r t i c l e i n f o |  | a b s t r a c t |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 4 December 2024 Revised 3 March 2025\u003Cbr>Accepted 3 March 2025\u003Cbr>Available online 13 March 2025 |  | Background: FGF21 is a stress-inducible hormone that operates in the autocrine or paracrine manner. Recent reports have revealed that FGF21 is highly expressed in cardiac hypertrophy to protect against heart injury and dysfunction. FGF21 is used to treat cardiac hypertrophy in mouse models. However, preclinical and clinical trials are restricted.\u003Cbr>Aim of review: This review mainly elucidates the diverse functions of FGF21 and explores the relationship between these functions and cardiac hypertrophy. It also discusses challenges and future perspectives in treating cardiac hypertrophy with FGF21.\u003Cbr>Key Scientific Concepts of Review: This review first illustrates the functions of FGF21, including energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. We also summarize vital functions and the underlying mechanisms through which FGF21 regulates the initiation and development of cardiac hypertrophy, connecting energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Finally, we propose that FGF21 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy.\u003Cbr>© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)). |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>Apoptosis Autophagy Cardiac hypertrophy\u003Cbr>Energy metabolism FGF21\u003Cbr>Inflammation Oxidative stress |  |  |\n\nContents  \nIntroduction ........................................................................................................... 476  \nRegulation of FGF21 expression and secretion ........................................................................... 476  \nFGF21 functions in energy metabolism ................................................................................. 478  \n⁎ Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.  \nE-mail address: [guohgong@wmu.edu.cn](guohgong@wmu.edu.cn) (G. Gong).  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.007](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.03.007)  \n2090-1232/© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University.  \nThis is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)).  \nL. Chen, M. Gao, S.-B. Ong et al. Journal of Advanced Research 79 (2026) 475–489  \nFGF21 functions in inf","cbCaicJXzcgmSm6Y","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicJXzcgmSm6Y","pdf",3094913,15,"English","# Introduction\n## Regulation of FGF21 expression and secretion\n## FGF21 functions in energy metabolism\n## FGF21 functions in inflammation\n## FGF21 functions in oxidative stress\n## FGF21 functions in apoptosis\n## FGF21 functions in autophagy\n## FGF21 functions in cardiac hypertrophy\n## Clinical application and prospects\n## Conclusion\n## Funding\n## Declaration of competing interest\n## Acknowledgments\n## References","[{\"question\":\"What is FGF21 and why is it relevant to cardiac hypertrophy?\",\"answer\":\"FGF21 is a stress-inducible hormone that operates via autocrine or paracrine signaling. It is highly expressed in cardiac hypertrophy and is reported to protect against heart injury and dysfunction.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biological processes does the review link to FGF21 in cardiac hypertrophy?\",\"answer\":\"The review connects FGF21 with energy metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. It summarizes mechanisms by which FGF21 regulates initiation and development of cardiac hypertrophy.\"},{\"question\":\"What treatment potential does FGF21 have for cardiac hypertrophy?\",\"answer\":\"The review proposes FGF21 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy, while noting that relevant preclinical and clinical evidence remains constrained.\"}]","Functions of FGF21 and its role in cardiac hypertrophy | PDF",1790668645,38]