[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-486099-105":59,"doc-detail-486099-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","functional-communication-training-a-review-and-practical-guide","Functional Communication Training: A Review and Practical Guide","","Functional communication training (FCT) is a widely used and highly effective intervention for severe behavior problems. Since its introduction by Carr and Durand (1985), multiple aspects of the FCT process have been evaluated, leading to established best practices. This manuscript reviews those practices as they appear during development of effective FCT interventions, including core procedural stages, variations across treatment steps, and guidelines grounded in published research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/functional-communication-training-a-review-and-practical-guide/486099/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/functional-communication-training-a-review-and-practical-guide/486099.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is functional communication training (FCT)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"FCT teaches an individual an alternative, socially acceptable communication response that produces the same type of reinforcement previously maintained by problem behavior. Problem behavior is typically placed on extinction.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does FCT differ from other function-based differential reinforcement procedures?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"FCT differs because the alternative response is a recognizable form of communication (such as vocalizations or manual signs) rather than another non-communicative behavior.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What stages do FCT interventions follow?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"FCT progresses through three stages: conducting a functional analysis to identify maintaining environmental events, strengthening a socially acceptable communicative response by assigning the identified reinforcer, and extending the treatment across settings and caregivers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},486099,1790805712,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","Functional Communication Training: A Review and Practical Guide Jeffrey H. Tiger, Louisiana State University, Gregory P. Hanley, Western New England College and Jennifer Bruzek, Vanderbilt University  \n ABSTRACT   \nFunctional communication training (FCT) is one of the most common and effective interventions for severe behavior problems. Since the initial description ofFCT by Carr and Durand (1985), various aspects of the FCT treatment process have been evaluated, and from this research, best practices have emerged. This manuscript provides a review of these practices as they arise during the development of effective FCT interventions. Descriptors: Behavior disorders, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior, functional communication training, function-based treatment  \nunctional communication training  \nF((FDCR)T) is a diffeprocedurreentialinreinfowhriccehmentan  \nindividual is taught an alternative response that results in the same class of reinforcement identified as maintaining problem behavior. Problem behavior is typically placed on extinction (i.e., reinforcement no longer follows problem behavior) . Functional communication training differs from other function-based DR procedures in that the alternative response is a recognizable form of communication (e.g., a vocalization, manual sign) .  \nCarr and Durand (1985) introduced FCT as treatment for the problem behavior of 4 children with developmental disabilities. A vocal response that resulted in teacher attention (“Am I doing good work?”) was taught to the children for whom attention was thought to be maintaining their problem behavior. A different vocal response (“I don’t understand”) that resulted in teacher assistance was taught to the children for whom escape from difficult tasks was thought to be maintaining their problem behavior. These procedures resulted in acquisition of these vocal responses and substantial reductions in the problem behavior of all 4 children. In the 20 plus years since the publication of Carr and Durand (1985), FCT has emerged as the most published function-based treatment for problem behavior.1   \n1 A search of PsychInfo in which the key terms functional communication training (FCT), differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), and noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) were linked to functional assessment, functional analysis, and behavioral assessment yielded 66 FCT papers, 31 NCR papers, and 11 DRO papers. These results, although preliminary, support the assertion that FCT is the most popular function-based treatment for problem behavior.  \nFCT interventions progress through three stages. A functional analysis is conducted to identify the environmental events that serve as reinforcers for problem behavior and the conditions that evoke problem behavior (i.e., the relevant“establishing operations” that increase the value of the reinforcer; Michael, 1982) . A socially-acceptable communicative response is strengthened by reassigning the reinforcer found to maintain problem behavior to that communicative response.2 Finally, the FCT treatment is extended across settingsand caregivers.  \nAlthough this process can be briefly summarized, there are procedural variations at each stage that are likely to affect the outcomes associated with FCT. The purpose of this paper is to identify the variations described in published research for each stage of treatment, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of different FCT variations, and to generate guidelines for best practice on the basis of this research. Ideally, this manuscript will serve as a practical guide to individuals who implement FCT for individuals with behavior disorders.  \nStudies on FCT were identified through a search of Psychinfo and ERIC using the keywords “functional communication training” or “functional equivalence training” from 1985 through 2006. The reference section of each article was examined to identify additional FCT articles. Finally, each article was reviewed to dete","cbCaicoK1w1rXCYT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicoK1w1rXCYT","pdf",137977,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and purpose of the review\n## Core concept and key procedural components of FCT\n## Developmental stages of FCT interventions\n## Evidence base and inclusion criteria\n## Target populations for FCT","[{\"question\":\"What is functional communication training (FCT)?\",\"answer\":\"FCT teaches an individual an alternative, socially acceptable communication response that produces the same type of reinforcement previously maintained by problem behavior. Problem behavior is typically placed on extinction.\"},{\"question\":\"How does FCT differ from other function-based differential reinforcement procedures?\",\"answer\":\"FCT differs because the alternative response is a recognizable form of communication (such as vocalizations or manual signs) rather than another non-communicative behavior.\"},{\"question\":\"What stages do FCT interventions follow?\",\"answer\":\"FCT progresses through three stages: conducting a functional analysis to identify maintaining environmental events, strengthening a socially acceptable communicative response by assigning the identified reinforcer, and extending the treatment across settings and caregivers.\"}]","Functional Communication Training: A Review and Practical Guide | PDF"]