[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-151746-en":3,"doc-seo-151746-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},151746,137451211410,"\tCallum ","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240",8,"Research & Report","FROM THE QUILL PEN TO CYBERADMINISTRATION - Introduction - Duncan Macniven","A talk by Duncan Macniven, Registrar General for Scotland, explains how Scotland’s civil registration system evolved from parish-based record keeping to centralized, computer-supported and digitized registration services. It highlights key characteristics: event-specific public records with national indexes, advantages of computer lookup and faster corrections, and increased access via digital images for registrars and family historians worldwide. The talk also outlines next steps for online e-registration authentication and cross-European electronic exchange of vital records.","FROM THE QUILL PEN TO CYBERADMINISTRATION  \nDuncan MACNIVEN  \nRegistrar General for Scotland, Edimbourg (UK)  \nIntroduction  \nFor historical reasons, the United Kingdom has separate but similar systems of civil registration in 3 different parts of the country : England and Wales; Northern Ireland; and Scotland. I am speaking today only about the Scottish system, for which I am responsible and which has made most progress towards ‘cyberadministration’.  \nThe Scottish system of civil registration has existed since 1552. For the next 300 years, records of births, deaths and marriages were kept by each parish church. But increasing religious diversity, the agricultural and industrial revolutions which increased migration and social change, and incompetence on the part of some parish clerks, highlighted shortcomings. So, in 1855, a new system was set up – the responsibility of the Registrar General, with compulsory registration of births, marriages and deaths registered by specialist officials called ‘Registrars’. The system has lasted well and has remained essentially unchanged over the past 150 years.  \nThere are 3 points about the system which I want to emphasise, because they may be different from yours. First, it records specific events: it does not create a through-life record. Second, it is a centralised system with a national index, which made it relatively easy to computerise. Third, it is a public record: if you are curious to know my age, you can consult my birth certificate.  \nThe Quill Pen  \nIn 1855, the earlier records (dating back to the mid 16th Century) were brought to the Registrar General’s office in Edinburgh for safe keeping. The new system involved the Registrars, employed by the local authorities in about 1,000 registration districts across Scotland, keeping a separate register for births, deaths and marriages in their registration district. They made a duplicate copy and at the end of the year passed one copy to the Registrar General’s office for safekeeping. The blank register books were printed centrally and the Registrars worked to strict instructions laid down by the Registrar General, to ensure uniformity across the country.  \nCyberadministration  \nThe centralised nature of our system, and the fact that indexes were a key feature, made it relatively easy for us to set up a computer system. Our first system was introduced in 1990 and was superseded by a more modern Windows-based system in 2004. The computerised system has several advantages. First, it reduces the time taken for the Registrar to register an event. Second, it allows a Registrar anywhere in Scotland to lookup an event in another part of Scotland – for instance, the birth certificate of somebody who wants to get married or has just died. Third, it allows the inspectors who work for me and who are responsible for checking the accuracy of the registers, to correct errors much more quickly. Fourthly, it is very helpful indeed to family historians, particularly since we have added the records going back to the 16th Century.  \nThese advantages are underlined by the second step we have taken towards cyberadministration: making the records themselves (as distinct from the indexes) more widely available. Originally, we did that by putting every register entry on microfilm or microfiche, and providing copies for Registrars and selling them to family history societies. More recently, however, we have taken a further step, by creating digital images of all the records. The digitised images can be viewed by Registrars, on a computer system linked to the one which they use to register new events. They can also be viewed by family historians worldwide over the internet, using a website which we have set up for that purpose. It also helps to prevent fraud by making it easier for us to share our records with other government departments, life insurance companies – and the CIEC. We have underpinned that technological change by changes in the law under which ","cbCaivzEbNDWK0IY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivzEbNDWK0IY","pdf",75590,1,2,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# The Quill Pen\n# Cyberadministration\n# Next Steps\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"为什么苏格兰的民事登记体系更容易实现计算机化？\",\"answer\":\"文章指出该体系是全国集中管理并具备国家索引，因此在技术上更便于建立计算机系统。\"},{\"question\":\"计算机化登记系统带来了哪些主要优势？\",\"answer\":\"文中提到它减少登记耗时、允许在苏格兰任意地点查询他地事件记录、帮助督查人员更快纠错，并且对家族史研究者更有帮助。\"},{\"question\":\"“网络化登记（eregistration）”的未来计划是什么？\",\"answer\":\"计划让公众在家通过在线方式办理出生或死亡登记；起初可能仍需到登记处签署表格并提供材料，待电子身份认证系统完善后将更不需要线下步骤。\"}]","FROM THE QUILL PEN TO CYBERADMINISTRATION - Introduction - Duncan Macniven | PDF",1787848356,5,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"from-the-quill-pen-to-cyberadministration-introduction-duncan-macniven","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/from-the-quill-pen-to-cyberadministration-introduction-duncan-macniven/151746/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"为什么苏格兰的民事登记体系更容易实现计算机化？","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"文章指出该体系是全国集中管理并具备国家索引，因此在技术上更便于建立计算机系统。","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"计算机化登记系统带来了哪些主要优势？",{"text":80,"@type":76},"文中提到它减少登记耗时、允许在苏格兰任意地点查询他地事件记录、帮助督查人员更快纠错，并且对家族史研究者更有帮助。",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"“网络化登记（eregistration）”的未来计划是什么？",{"text":84,"@type":76},"计划让公众在家通过在线方式办理出生或死亡登记；起初可能仍需到登记处签署表格并提供材料，待电子身份认证系统完善后将更不需要线下步骤。","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]