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It analyzes teacher education policies implemented in China since 1978 and links reforms to broader changes in the basic education system. The findings highlight teachers’ dedication and the improvement of normal college students’ teaching skills, while noting governance and autonomy-related challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/from-scale-to-quality-experiences-and-challenges-in-teacher-education-in-china/600992/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/from-scale-to-quality-experiences-and-challenges-in-teacher-education-in-china/600992.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the essay on China’s teacher education reform?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The essay reviews the history of China’s teacher education policies, summarizes reform experience, and frames current major challenges for reform.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What methods does the essay use to study teacher education reform?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It relies on detailed analysis of teacher education policies implemented since 1978 and examines how reforms shape the broader basic education reform system.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key challenges are identified in China’s teacher education system?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The essay emphasizes teacher dedication and teaching-skill development, but highlights challenges such as the lack of comprehensive universities in an open teacher education system and limited teacher autonomy in performance management.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},600992,1792131977,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","From Scale to Quality: Experiences and Challenges in Teacher Education in China  \nBin Zhou  \nEast China Normal University  \nECNU Review of Education 2019, Vol. 2(2) 196–204 ª The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/2096531119853081](DOI: 10.1177/2096531119853081)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/2096531119853081)[journals.sagepub.com/home/roe](journals.sagepub.com/home/roe)  \nAbstract  \nPurpose: This essay examines the history of China’s teacher education policies, summarizes the Chinese experience of teacher education reform, and frames the major challenges facing teacher education reform in China today.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: This relies upon a detailed analysis of the teacher education policies implemented by China since 1978. It also explores the actual practice of Chinese teacher education reform by examining the ways in which such reforms have contributed to the overall reform of China’s basic education system.  \nFindings: Chinese teacher education places emphasis on the cultivation of teachers’ devotion to education and the importance of improving the teaching skills of normal college students. An effective teacher governance mechanism is the institutional guarantee for the positive role of teachers. However, the absence of comprehensive universities in the open teacher education system and a lack of autonomy for teachers in the performance management system are major challenges facing teacher education in China.  \nOriginality/Value: This essay has outlined the most current and recent reform efforts in China’s teacher education. It also explores how such efforts fit into the larger scheme of basic education reform in China.  \nCorresponding author:  \nBin Zhou, College of Teacher Education, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062, China.  \nEmail: bzhou@dedu.ecnu.edu.cn  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nKeywords  \nChina, governance, teacher education, teacher policy  \nDate received: 10 October 2018; accepted: 7 May 2019  \nChina is a country with a vast educational system. As of December 2017, there were 513,800 schools of various educational levels and types in China, with a total of 270 million enrolled students and 16.27 million full-time teachers. Maintaining such an enormous education system demands not only sufficient funds but also—more importantly—consistent support from highly committed teachers. In 2017, the national education expenditure in China amounted to 3,420.4 billion CNY, accounting for 4 . 14% of the country’s total gross domestic product (GDP) . 2017 was the first year in which China’s education expenditure exceeded 4% of its total GDP. However, during the same year, the world average was 7%, with developed countries averaging around 9% and developing countries averaging 4 . 1% . Viewed from this perspective, China’s enormously large education system is supported financially at a level consistent with the world’s less developed countries. The relative strength of China’s education system lies not with rich educational resources but with its dedicated and hardworking corps of teachers.  \nHowever, the question of how to create a large and, at the same time, stable team of teachers remains. How can such an already“enlarged”team ofteachersbe“strengthened?”InJanuary2018, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issu","cbCair7pybyxbrIe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair7pybyxbrIe","pdf",150466,"English","# Abstract\n## Purpose\n## Design/Approach/Methods\n## Findings\n## Originality/Value\n# Introduction\n## Teacher education scale and system demands\n## Policy initiatives since 2018\n# Selecting a teacher education model for basic education needs","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the essay on China’s teacher education reform?\",\"answer\":\"The essay reviews the history of China’s teacher education policies, summarizes reform experience, and frames current major challenges for reform.\"},{\"question\":\"What methods does the essay use to study teacher education reform?\",\"answer\":\"It relies on detailed analysis of teacher education policies implemented since 1978 and examines how reforms shape the broader basic education reform system.\"},{\"question\":\"What key challenges are identified in China’s teacher education system?\",\"answer\":\"The essay emphasizes teacher dedication and teaching-skill development, but highlights challenges such as the lack of comprehensive universities in an open teacher education system and limited teacher autonomy in performance management.\"}]","From Scale to Quality - Experiences and Challenges in Teacher Education in China | PDF",1792091761,23]