[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-437722-105":59,"doc-detail-437722-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","from-pure-to-seawater-electrolysis-unveiling-the-impact-of-ionic-species-and-contaminants-on-electrocatalysis","From Pure to Seawater Electrolysis: Unveiling the Impact of Ionic Species and Contaminants on Electrocatalysis","","Water electrolysis, including seawater splitting to generate hydrogen and oxygen, offers a route to store intermittent energy efficiently, yet the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are highly sensitive to water quality. Contaminants from electrolytes and electrodes alter both the electronic and physical structures of electrocatalysts and the electrode–electrolyte interfaces. In seawater, unintended impurities such as anions, cations, and organic compounds can change stability, selectivity, and activity. This critical review maps contaminant sources, analyzes electrochemical parameter trends, and summarizes characterization methods to clarify physical and electronic changes during electrocatalytic water splitting.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/from-pure-to-seawater-electrolysis-unveiling-the-impact-of-ionic-species-and-contaminants-on-electrocatalysis/437722/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/from-pure-to-seawater-electrolysis-unveiling-the-impact-of-ionic-species-and-contaminants-on-electrocatalysis/437722.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aldword","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are OER and HER sensitive to water quality in electrolysis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"OER and HER respond strongly to the quality of the supplied water because contaminants can modify both the electronic/physical properties of electrocatalysts and the electrode–electrolyte interfaces.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What contaminants are especially relevant for seawater electrolysis?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Seawater electrolysis can be affected by unintended impurities including anions, cations, and organic compounds, which influence catalyst stability, selectivity, and activity.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the review focus on regarding contaminant impact?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It provides an overview of diverse contaminant sources affecting electrocatalytic water splitting, outlines trends in electrochemical parameters, and describes characterization methods used to reveal physical and electronic changes at the electrode and in the electrolyte.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},437722,1790734242,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","This article is licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0  \n[pubs.acs.org/electrochem](pubs.acs.org/electrochem)  Review   \nFrom Pure to Seawater Electrolysis: Unveiling the Impact of Ionic Species and Contaminants on Electrocatalysis  \nSahanaz Parvin, Emmanuel Aransiola, Sonakshi Saini, Matthew T. McDowell, Seunghoon Lee, Juliane Weber, Yiqing Wu, Yuanyuan Li, Chang Liu, Zili Wu, and Jonas Baltrusaitis *  \n Cite This: ACS Electrochem. 2026, 2, 43−67  \nRead Online  \n\n|  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| ACCESS   | Metrics & More |  |  Article Recommendations |\n\nABSTRACT: Water electrolysis, including seawater splitting to produce hydrogen and oxygen, stands as a promising approach for the efficient storage of intermittent energy. However, the halfreactions of water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), are known to be very sensitive toward the quality of water employed and are susceptible to contaminants originating from various sources, including the electrolyte or the electrodes. Those contaminants have a profound impact on the activity of these reactions of water splitting by modifying the electronic and physical structures of electrocatalysts as well as electrode−electrolyte interfaces. For seawater electrolysis, the unintentional presence of impurities, such as anions, cations, and organic compounds, affects the catalyst  \nstability, selectivity, and activity. Despite the existence of numerous comprehensive reviews that delve into various aspects of catalysts and their structure−property relationships for several electrocatalytic reactions, the impact of contaminants has often been ignored. This critical review endeavors to address this issue by providing an overview of the diverse sources of contaminants influencing electrocatalytic water splitting and seawater splitting reactions, delineating the trends in electrochemical parameters and detailing different characterization methods for elucidating the physical and electronic changes of the electrode and electrolyte. KEYWORDS: electrocatalysis, hydrogen, contamination, seawater, OER, HER  \n■ INTRODUCTION  \nThe intensifying energy demand caused by rapid economic progress is an important challenge for the 21st century. The ongoing depletion of fossil fuels and the adverse environmental impact of nonrenewable energy sources underscore the critical need for the development of sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as hydrogen, solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy.1 Moreover, the increasing growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is leading to a sharp rise in electricity consumption largely from the data centers, which raises concerns about meeting the future energy demand.2 Among these, hydrogen has particularly attracted significant attention due to its high gravimetric energy density (120 MJ kg−1) and zero carbon emissions.3 Although the electricity-driven hydrogen conversion efficiency is around 3 times lower than the heat-driven hydrogen conversion efficiency (steam methane reformation, steam−iron process), the latter is environmentally less benevolent due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, it is advisable to focus on eco-friendly approaches to produce hydrogen, such as electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting, where abundant water is used as a feedstock.4  \n© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society  \nIn a commercial electrolyzer, electrolysis of 45 kg of water is used to produce 5 kg of hydrogen.5 This process involves the dissociation of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen through an external electrical input. However, water electrolysis is inherently energy-intensive due to the sluggish four-electron water oxidation process at the anode (i.e., the oxygen evolution reaction, OER). The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), amore energy-efficient two-electron process, takes place at the cathode.6 To reduce the large activation energy barrier inherent in the uphill water spli","cbCaifawuVT4azuH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifawuVT4azuH","pdf",13774104,25,"English","# Introduction\n## Contaminant sensitivity in water electrolysis\n## Energy demand and motivation for hydrogen\n## Challenges in OER and HER catalysts","[{\"question\":\"Why are OER and HER sensitive to water quality in electrolysis?\",\"answer\":\"OER and HER respond strongly to the quality of the supplied water because contaminants can modify both the electronic/physical properties of electrocatalysts and the electrode–electrolyte interfaces.\"},{\"question\":\"What contaminants are especially relevant for seawater electrolysis?\",\"answer\":\"Seawater electrolysis can be affected by unintended impurities including anions, cations, and organic compounds, which influence catalyst stability, selectivity, and activity.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review focus on regarding contaminant impact?\",\"answer\":\"It provides an overview of diverse contaminant sources affecting electrocatalytic water splitting, outlines trends in electrochemical parameters, and describes characterization methods used to reveal physical and electronic changes at the electrode and in the electrolyte.\"}]","From Pure to Seawater Electrolysis: Unveiling the Impact of Ionic Species and Contaminants on Electrocatalysis | PDF",1790682986,63]