[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-381379-105":59,"doc-detail-381379-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","from-omic-layers-to-personalized-medicine-in-colorectal-cancer-the-road-ahead","From Omic Layers to Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: The Road Ahead","","Colorectal cancer is a major health concern, with high incidence and mortality, driving intensive efforts to identify biomarkers that support diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decisions. Omic technologies have enabled deeper study of CRC and make personalized medicine more feasible. This review summarizes how single and multi-omic layer analyses can improve risk prediction and clinical outcome assessment, while addressing practical difficulties that limit effective implementation and translation into personalized care.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/from-omic-layers-to-personalized-medicine-in-colorectal-cancer-the-road-ahead/381379/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/from-omic-layers-to-personalized-medicine-in-colorectal-cancer-the-road-ahead/381379.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why are biomarkers important in colorectal cancer management?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Biomarkers are needed to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and the success of treatment, enabling more accurate and individualized clinical management of colorectal cancer.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How do omic techniques support personalized medicine for CRC?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Omic technologies help identify individual susceptibility and response to therapies, supporting better prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment through molecular characterization.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What types of inherited and sporadic CRC are discussed?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The review highlights Lynch syndrome and polyposis syndromes as inherited forms, and distinguishes hypermutated tumors with microsatellite instability from non-hypermutated tumors with copy number alterations among sporadic cases.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},381379,1790245075,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nFrom Omic Layers to Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: The Road Ahead  \nIrati Romero-Garmendia 1 and Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria 2,3, *  \nCitation: Romero-Garmendia, I.; Garcia-Etxebarria, K. From Omic Layers to Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: The Road Ahead.  \nGenes 2023, 14, 1430. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/genes14071430](doi.org/10.3390/genes14071430)  \nAcademic Editor: Lucio Bertario  \nReceived: 25 May 2023  \nRevised: 5 July 2023  \nAccepted: 10 July 2023  \nPublished: 11 July 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (Universidad del Pa½s Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea), 48940 Leioa, Spain; [irati.romero@ehu.eus](irati.romero@ehu.eus)  \n2 Biodonostia, Gastrointestinal Genetics Group, 20014 San Sebasti¡n, Spain  \n3 Centro de Investigaciân Biom²dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep¡ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 08036 Barcelona, Spain  \n* Correspondence: [koldo.garcia@biodonostia.org](koldo.garcia@biodonostia.org)  \nAbstract: Colorectal cancer is a major health concern since it is a highly diagnosed cancer and the second cause of death among cancers. Thus, the most suitable biomarkers for its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment have been studied to improve and personalize the prevention and clinical management of colorectal cancer. The emergence of omic techniques has provided a great opportunity to better study CRC and make personalized medicine feasible. In this review, we will try to summarize how the analysis of the omic layers can be useful for personalized medicine and the existing difficulties. We will discuss how single and multiple omic layer analyses have been used to improve the prediction of the risk of CRC and its outcomes and how to overcome the challenges in the use of omic layers in personalized medicine.  \nKeywords: colorectal cancer; genetics; genomics; transcriptomics; microbiota; personalized medicine  \n1. Introduction  \nWorldwide, approximately 10% of diagnosed cancers are colorectal cancer (CRC), and it is the second cause of death among cancers [1,2] . Moreover, 500,000 cases of CRC are diagnosed and 242,000 persons die as a consequence of CRC each year in Europe alone [3] . CRC affects both sexes and European countries similarly: In females, it is the second most diagnosed cancer and the third cause of death, and in males, it is the third most diagnosed cancer and the second cause, and the majority of European countries show this trend [3] . All of these numbers suggest that CRC has a high burden in developed countries and is a major concern for health systems. To address the burden that is CRC, screening strategies have been developed to facilitate its detection, and the search for biomarkers for more accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and success of treatment of CRC is in constant development [4] . There is no doubt that the better known the biological factors that contribute to the risk and etiology of CRC are, the better the biomarkers that will be found.  \nCRC shows a great heterogeneity since the majority of CRC cases are sporadic and the minority are genetically inherited. Lynch syndrome (2–4% of diagnosed CRCs) and polyposis syndromes (e.g., adenomatous polyps, Peutz–Jeghers polyps, or serrated polyps) are the two main inherited syndromes [5] . Hypermutated cancers with microsatellite instability and non-hypermutated cancers with copy number alterations are the main classes of sporadic tumors [6] . In addition, sporadic CRCs are developed in two main ways [7]: In approximately 66% of sporadic CRC, conventional adenomas (lesions wit","cbCaifKyQ7PFNEaE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifKyQ7PFNEaE","pdf",730582,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Burden of colorectal cancer and screening\n## Genetic and sporadic heterogeneity\n## Risk factors: lifestyle, environment, prior diseases\n## Personalized medicine and omic technologies\n# Conclusion and future steps","[{\"question\":\"Why are biomarkers important in colorectal cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Biomarkers are needed to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and the success of treatment, enabling more accurate and individualized clinical management of colorectal cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"How do omic techniques support personalized medicine for CRC?\",\"answer\":\"Omic technologies help identify individual susceptibility and response to therapies, supporting better prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment through molecular characterization.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of inherited and sporadic CRC are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights Lynch syndrome and polyposis syndromes as inherited forms, and distinguishes hypermutated tumors with microsatellite instability from non-hypermutated tumors with copy number alterations among sporadic cases.\"}]","From Omic Layers to Personalized Medicine in Colorectal Cancer: The Road Ahead | PDF",28]