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Immunol. 15:1401528 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401528  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Zhao, Wu, Li, Niu, Wu, Cui and Zhao. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nFrom mechanism to therapy: the journey of CD24 in cancer  \nKai Zhao 1, Caifeng Wu 2, Xiangjun Li 3, Mengchao Niu 4, Dan Wu 1, Xiaofeng Cui 1 and Hai Zhao 1*  \n1 Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 2 Department of Hand and Foot, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 3 Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China, 4 Department of Operation Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China  \nCD24 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that is expressed in a wide range of tissues and cell types. It is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Additionally, CD24 has been studied extensively in the context of cancer, where it has been found to play a role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in CD24 as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge of CD24, including its structure, function, and its role in cancer. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of CD24 and discuss possible approaches for the development of targeted cancer therapies.  \nKEYWORDS  \nCD24, innate checkpoint, phagocytosis, therapeutic target, cancer  \nIntroduction  \nGenerally, cancer cells are typically eliminated by the intricate mechanisms within the human immune system. However, they can develop resistance to the body’s anti-tumor immune responses, allowing them to evade immune surveillance (1) . Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the field of oncology by harnessing the patient’s immune system to combat cancer cells. This can be accomplished through two main approaches: immune checkpoint-targeted therapy and the transfer of modified immune cells. Both methods involve manipulating the immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as antibodies targeting programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), as well as stimulants of other co-stimulatory molecules that override inhibitory pathways to enhance immune function, have shown success in several clinical trials (2–4) . However, they still encounter challenges like low response rates, high expenses, and non-specific toxicity (5) . The adoptive transfer of cells primarily involves genetically modified cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and various other cell types (6, 7). Cancer immunotherapy has seen significant progress with the clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade and CAR-T-cell therapies in recent years. It has emerged as an innovative and potent clinical  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  ","cbCairlgcUPXrX0s","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairlgcUPXrX0s","pdf",5823710,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer immunotherapy challenges and checkpoint blockade\n## Innate immune checkpoints and phagocytosis regulation\n# CD24 in cancer and disease context\n## CD24 expression in cancers\n## CD24 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target\n# Potential clinical applications of CD24","[{\"question\":\"What is CD24 and what roles does it play in biology?\",\"answer\":\"CD24 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expressed across many tissues and cell types. It participates in processes such as cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does CD24 relate to immune evasion and phagocytosis in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes innate immune checkpoints that regulate cancer clearance through phagocytosis. CD24 is discussed alongside other “don’t eat me” signals that restrain macrophage-mediated killing and influence engulfment.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is CD24 considered a therapeutic target?\",\"answer\":\"CD24 is highlighted as a potential therapeutic target because elevated levels are reported in multiple cancers and it is implicated in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. The document also outlines insights into clinical application and targeted therapy development approaches.\"}]","From mechanism to therapy - the journey of CD24 in cancer | PDF",1790014758,55]