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The study addresses dialect birth, poses goals and research questions, and outlines methods and data sources for both varieties. It traces social histories of English in India, evaluates error versus innovation, and models new Englishes through usage continua, variation, and language contact mechanisms. 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It studies how English evolves in multilingual contact settings and develops systematic, dialect-like features.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the book compare and structure its study of Indian English and Singapore English?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It separates the discussion into distinct data sources and analytical sections for Indian English and Singapore English, including chapters on histories, grammatical systems, and variation driven by contact.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which linguistic systems are analyzed to explain grammatical change?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The contents highlight analyses of the article system and the verbal system, including predicted grammatical changes and modeling of tense-to-aspect and modality-related shifts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},128994,1786007019,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145},5909887256941,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","From Deficit to Dialect  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nOXFORD STUDIES IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS  \nGeneral Editors: Brook Bolander Monash University Adam Jaworski  \nUniversity of Hong Kong  \nRECENTLY PUBLISHED IN THE SERIES:  \nSustaining the Nation: The Making and Moving of Language and Nation  \nMonica Heller, Lindsay A Bell, Michelle Daveluy, Mireille McLaughlin, and Hubert Noel Style, Mediation, and Change: Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Talking Media  \nJanus Mortensen, Nikolaus Coupland, and Jacob Thogersen  \nReimagining Rapport Zane Goebel  \nElite Authenticity: Remaking Distinction in Food Discourse Gwynne Mapes  \nIn Pursuit of English: Language and Subjectivity in Neoliberal South Korea Joseph Sung-Yul Park  \nChoreographies of Multilingualism: Writing and Language Ideology in Singapore Tong King Lee  \nFrom Deficit to Dialect: The Evolution of English in India and Singapore Devyani Sharma  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nFROM DEFICIT TO DIALECT  \nThe Evolution ofEnglish in India and Singapore  \nDevyani Sharma  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.  \nPublished in the United States of America by Oxford University Press  \n198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.  \n© Oxford University Press 2023  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.  \nYou must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sharma, Devyani, 1976– author.  \nTitle: From deficit to dialect / Devyani Sharma.  \nDescription: New York, NY : Oxford University Press,[2023] |  \nSeries: Oxford studies sociolinguistics series | Includes bibliographical references and index.  \nIdentifiers: LCCN 2023006289 (print) | LCCN 2023006290 (ebook) | ISBN 9780195307504 (hardback) |  \nISBN 9780197696415 (epub) | ISBN 9780197698624 Subjects: LCSH: English language—Dialects—India. | English language—Dialects—Singapore. |  \nEnglish language—Social aspects—India. |  \nEnglish language—Social aspects—Singapore. Classification: LCC PE3502. I694 S54 2023 (print) |  \nLCC PE3502. I694 (ebook) | DDC 427/.954—dc23/eng/20230506 LC record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2023006289](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023006289)  \nLC ebook record available at [https://lccn.loc.gov/2023006290](https://lccn.loc.gov/2023006290)  \n[DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195307504.001.0001](DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195307504.001.0001)  \n[OceanofPDF.com](OceanofPDF.com)  \nCONTENTS  \nList of Figures  \nList of Tables Acknowledgments  \n1 Introduction  \n1.1 Dialect Birth in Multilingual Settings  \n1.2 Deficit or Dialect?  \n1.3 Goals and Questions  \n1.4 Outline of the Book  \n1.5 Methods Used  \n1.6 Data for Indian English  \n1.7 Data for Singapore English  \nPART I: English in India  \n2 Histories of English in India  \n2.1 Social Histories of English in India  \n2.1.1 Phase I: Early Colonial Contact  \n2.1.2 Phase II: The British Raj  \n2.1.3 Phase III: The Independence Movement  \n2.1.4 Phase IV: Contemporary India  \n2.2 Common Features of Indian English  \n2.2.1 Retention of Historical British English Forms  \n2.2.2 Transfer from Indian Languages  \n2.2.3 Independent Innovations  \n2.3 Indian English as “decreasingly imperfect” Over Time?  \n2.4 Phase 3, Phase 4, or Phase 5?  \n3 Errors or Inno","cbCailW3eRz0ktDf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailW3eRz0ktDf","pdf",5735528,338,"English","# List of Figures\n# List of Tables\n# Acknowledgments\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Dialect Birth in Multilingual Settings\n## 1.2 Deficit or Dialect?\n## 1.3 Goals and Questions\n## 1.4 Outline of the Book\n## 1.5 Methods Used\n## 1.6 Data for Indian English\n## 1.7 Data for Singapore English\n# PART I: English in India\n## 2 Histories of English in India\n## 3 Errors or Innovations?\n## 4 The Article System\n## 5 The Verbal System","[{\"question\":\"What core idea does From Deficit to Dialect argue about English in India and Singapore?\",\"answer\":\"The book reframes “deficit” perspectives as evidence of dialect formation. It studies how English evolves in multilingual contact settings and develops systematic, dialect-like features.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book compare and structure its study of Indian English and Singapore English?\",\"answer\":\"It separates the discussion into distinct data sources and analytical sections for Indian English and Singapore English, including chapters on histories, grammatical systems, and variation driven by contact.\"},{\"question\":\"Which linguistic systems are analyzed to explain grammatical change?\",\"answer\":\"The contents highlight analyses of the article system and the verbal system, including predicted grammatical changes and modeling of tense-to-aspect and modality-related shifts.\"}]","From Deficit to Dialect - The Evolution of English in India and Singapore - Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics | PDF",852]