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The foreword frames it as an Anglo-American issue linked to international peace and renunciation of war through the Kellogg Pact. Part I reviews shifting claims from early modern England and regulations into modern international expectations, while Part II argues the wartime controversy remains urgent amid naval armament competition and the Freedom versus Command debate.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/freedom-of-the-seas-old-and-new/324285/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/freedom-of-the-seas-old-and-new/324285.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Quinn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the pamphlet claim about freedom of the seas in peacetime?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that, in principle, no government now seriously denies the high seas should be open in peacetime and equally accessible to all nations’ commerce. Yet practice still falls short due to restrictions, tariffs, and disputes over territorial waters.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the pamphlet say the freedom-of-the-seas issue becomes more “live” in wartime?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It states that wartime freedom remains contentious because naval strategy and disputes over “Freedom of the Seas versus Command of the Seas” resurface, especially when armament competition threatens Anglo-American relations.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the pamphlet describe the historical roots of the wartime controversy?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It traces the debate to early European history, citing claims by neutrals for public commerce and claims by belligerents for command, including references to treaty language and conflicts involving prior 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MICROFORM TARGET\n\nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED-EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \nReproductions may not be made without permission trom Columbia University Libraries.                   \n## RESTRICTIONS ON USE:\n\nTECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA  \nFILM SIZE:            35mmREDUCTION RATIO:            9:/  \nIB  \nIMAGE PLACEMENT:IA  \nDATE FILMED:                    5-7-97INITIALS:         9B  \nTRACKING\\#:                                                                                              23796  \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \n3.08  \nZ  \nB0×239  \n## FREEDOM OFTHE SEAS\n\n# OLD and NEW\n\nFOREWORDby theRT.HON.J.RAMSAY MACDONALD,M.P.  \n\n| Prlce,post free :  \u003Cbr>1 copy ..   2d.  \u003Cbr>12 copies Is.8d.  \u003Cbr>100,….12s.6d.   |\n| --- |\n\nPublished byTHE LABOUR PARTY,Transport House(South Block),Smith Square,London,S.W.I  \nFOREWORD.  \nI HOPE this historical and critical statement on thesubject of the“Freedom of the Seas”will be widelyread both here and in America.For it is pre-eminentlyan Anglo-American problem,and,until it is removedfrom the field of dispute,Anglo-American co-operationin world affairs cannot be securely founded.It could not be removed from the field of disputeuntil the right to use war and\"blockade\"asan instrument of National Policy had been renounced,Now,if the Kellog Pact means anything,it meansthat there is to be no more war except in so faras nations bound to preserve peace and to settle disputesby other than military means have to combine to curba mad dog.It is inconceivable that the United Statesand ourselves should be on opposite sides in such anevent,therefore all the barriers to a free ocean highwayhave been thrown down.  \nThis pamphlet contains an admirable statement ofthis view,and is a reliable guide to everyone whoexpounds or defends it.  \nJ.RAMSAY MACDONALD.  \n## FREEDOM OF THE SEAS\n\nPART I.Freedom of the Seas in Peace  \nTHERE was a time,three centuries ago,when the subjectof Freedom of the Seas in time of peace was aburning question.Spaniards,Dutchmen,Portuguese,used to stake out sovercign claims over distant seas for thesake of trade monopolies:and Englishmen would seizeDutch cargoes of walruses in the arctic waters of Greenlandon the ground that the Dutchmen had no licence from James I.James himself commissioned Selden to write“Mare Clausum”“The Closed Seas\"),as a reply to the famous book\"MareLiberum”(“The Free Seas”)by Grotius,and our EnglishKing laid claim to the surrounding oceans as a perpetualpossession of the English Crown.  \nEven so lately as 1805 British Admiralty Regulationsrequired that“when any of His Majesty's ships shall meetwith the ships of any foreign power within His Majesty'sseas(which extend to Cape Finisterre),it is expected that thesaid foreign ships do strike their topsail and take in their flag,in acknowledgment of His Majesty's sovereignty in those seas:and if any do resist,all flag officers and commanders are touse their utmost endeavours to compel them thereto,and notsuffer any dishonour to be done to His Majesty.\"  \nEven nowadays a reckless politician here or there may stillsometimes brag as if the Adriatic were“our sea,”or all thewaves Britannia's.  \nBut no Government now seriously claims sovereignty overthe high seas or denies that they should be open,in peacetime,freely and equally to the commerce of all nations.  \nIn practice,of course,we are still very far from achievingcomplete freedom and equality for sea-borne commerce.Certain Governments confine coastal commerce to the shippingunder their own national flag;and tariffssubsidies,railwayfacilities,are so designed as to discriminate in favour ot thecommerce of this nation or that.  \nMoreover,we still have our quarrels over the laws andlimits of territorial waters,though this is one of the subjectsupon which international law is now regarded as ripe forcodification,and wh","cbCailqj3IO8cCyC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailqj3IO8cCyC","pdf",976832,14,"English","# FOREWORD\n# FREEDOM OF THE SEAS\n## PART I. Freedom of the Seas in Peace\n## PART II. Freedom of the Seas in War\n### WHY THE PROBLEM ARISES NOW.\n### FREEDOM OF THE SEAS: OLD STYLE.\n### HOW THE CONTROVERSY AROSE: NEUTRAL AND BELLIGERENT CLAIMS.","[{\"question\":\"What does the pamphlet claim about freedom of the seas in peacetime?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that, in principle, no government now seriously denies the high seas should be open in peacetime and equally accessible to all nations’ commerce. Yet practice still falls short due to restrictions, tariffs, and disputes over territorial waters.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the pamphlet say the freedom-of-the-seas issue becomes more “live” in wartime?\",\"answer\":\"It states that wartime freedom remains contentious because naval strategy and disputes over “Freedom of the Seas versus Command of the Seas” resurface, especially when armament competition threatens Anglo-American relations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the pamphlet describe the historical roots of the wartime controversy?\",\"answer\":\"It traces the debate to early European history, citing claims by neutrals for public commerce and claims by belligerents for command, including references to treaty language and conflicts involving prior empires.\"}]","Freedom of the Seas - Old and New | PDF",1789967525,35]