[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-31891":3,"doc-seo-31891":27},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"file_id":15,"file_url":16,"file_type":17,"file_size":18,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":19,"is_downloadable":19,"audit_status":19,"page_count":20,"language":21,"language_code":22,"table_of_contents":23,"faqs":24,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":25,"read_time":26},31891,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?_k=1775820430993990792",8,"Research & Report","Free Trade Agreement, Upgrading Quality, and Economies of Scale","High-quality production is a key prerequisite for export success and economic development, yet developing countries often face high costs when accessing imported quality inputs due to trade barriers. This chapter examines how tariff reductions under Free Trade Agreements affect the quality of imported and exported products in Indonesia’s automotive industry. Using customs declaration data and a difference-in-difference (DiD) approach with unit value measures, the results show no effect on import prices, lower export prices from low-income-country tariffs, and evidence consistent with economies of scale.","cbCaiuOMpflCrlEb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuOMpflCrlEb","pdf",1922536,1,30,"English","en","# Abstract\n# Background\n# Empirical Strategy and Data\n## Identification Approach\n## Treatment and Control Groups\n# Methodology and Measurement\n## Import and Export Price Models","[{\"question\":\"What data and empirical method are used to identify causal effects?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses Indonesia customs declaration documents for 2014–2019 and applies a difference-in-difference (DiD) design, matching firms that both import and export in the same year and using detailed import documentation to construct treatment and control groups.\"}]",1780434039,76,{"code":4,"msg":28,"data":29},"ok",{"site_id":30,"language":22,"slug":31,"title":13,"keywords":32,"description":14,"schema_data":33,"social_meta":76,"head_meta":78,"extra_data":80,"updated_unix":25},105,"free-trade-agreement-upgrading-quality-and-economies-of-scale","",{"@graph":34,"@context":75},[35,52,66],{"@type":36,"itemListElement":37},"BreadcrumbList",[38,42,46,49],{"item":39,"name":40,"@type":41,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":43,"name":44,"@type":41,"position":45},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":47,"name":12,"@type":41,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":41,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/free-trade-agreement-upgrading-quality-and-economies-of-scale/31891/",4,{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":60,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":61,"interactionStatistic":62},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":39,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-06-02",true,{"@type":63,"interactionType":64,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":65},"ViewAction",{"@type":67,"mainEntity":68},"FAQPage",[69],{"name":70,"@type":71,"acceptedAnswer":72},"What data and empirical method are used to identify causal effects?","Question",{"text":73,"@type":74},"The study uses Indonesia customs declaration documents for 2014–2019 and applies a difference-in-difference (DiD) design, matching firms that both import and export in the same year and using detailed import documentation to construct treatment and control groups.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":77,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":79,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":30}]