[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-376818-105":59,"doc-detail-376818-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","framing-the-fallibility-of-computer-aided-detection-aids-cancer-detection-original-article-open-access","Framing the fallibility of Computer-Aided Detection aids cancer detection - Original article - Open Access","","Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) has been proposed to support operators in searching mammograms for cancers. Prior findings indicate an over-reliance effect: accurate CAD can improve detection, while inaccurate CAD increases missed cancers and false alarms. The study tested whether framing CAD fallibility could preserve benefits while reducing over-reliance. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated participants’ information about CAD benefits and costs, with Experiment 2 using a stronger warning and instruction set. Experiment 3 examined a lower target prevalence.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/framing-the-fallibility-of-computer-aided-detection-aids-cancer-detection-original-article-open-access/376818/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/framing-the-fallibility-of-computer-aided-detection-aids-cancer-detection-original-article-open-access/376818.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the over-reliance effect in CAD-based cancer detection?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"When CAD is inaccurate, its presence increases both missed cancers and false alarms. This pattern is described as the over-reliance effect.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did the researchers test whether framing CAD fallibility can help?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They ran multiple experiments that told participants about CAD benefits or costs before the task. They compared framing with stronger warnings and related instruction sets, plus a condition with lower target prevalence.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the results show across the experiments?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Framing alone did not change outcomes in Experiment 1, but a stronger message in Experiment 2 reduced the over-reliance effect. A similar reduction was observed in Experiment 3 when targets had lower prevalence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},376818,1790386878,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","Kunar and Watson  \nCognitive Research: Principles and Implications [https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-023-00485-y](https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-023-00485-y)  \n(2023) 8:30  \nCognitive Research: Principles and Implications  \n ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access  \nFraming the fallibility of Computer-Aided Detection aids cancer detection  \nMelina A. Kunar 1* and Derrick G. Watson 1  \nAbstract  \nComputer-Aided Detection (CAD) has been proposed to help operators search for cancers in mammograms. Previous studies have found that although accurate CAD leads to an improvement in cancer detection, inaccurate CAD leads to an increase in both missed cancers and false alarms. This is known as the over-reliance effect. We investigated whether providing framing statements of CAD fallibility could keep the benefits of CAD while reducing over-reliance. In Experiment 1, participants were told about the benefits or costs of CAD, prior to the experiment. Experiment 2 was similar, except that participants were given a stronger warning and instruction set in relation to the costs of CAD. The results showed that although there was no effect of framing in Experiment 1, a stronger message in Experiment 2 led to a reduction in the over-reliance effect. A similar result was found in Experiment 3 where the target had a lower prevalence. The results show that although the presence of CAD can result in over-reliance on the technology, these effects can be mitigated by framing and instruction sets in relation to CAD fallibility.  \nKeywords Mammogram, Artificial Intelligence, Visual search, Computer-Aided Detection (CAD), Over-reliance, Framing  \nPublic significance statement  \nThere has been substantial recent investment into Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms to develop Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) for tasks such as searching for cancers in mammography. However, although there is benefit to using CAD, its presence also leads to readers becoming over-reliant on the technology. This research shows that prior knowledge about the costs of CAD can reduce this over-dependence, while still retaining its benefits. The research is important for understanding how humans interact with CAD technology, for optimal medical screening behaviour.  \n*Correspondence:  \nMelina A. Kunar [m.a.kunar@warwick.ac.uk](m.a.kunar@warwick.ac.uk)  \n1 Department of Psychology, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK  \nIntroduction  \nVisual search is an important part of our daily life. For example, we may search for a car in a car park, a face in a crowd or a set of keys on a cluttered desk. Visual search tasks are also important for some critical applied tasks that relate to health and safety. For example, airport security personnel search images of bags for prohibited items and medical health care professionals search medical images for indications of cancers. Missing a target (prohibited items or cancers) in these latter search tasks can result in harmful outcomes. Therefore, it is important that in these tasks, people can search and find their target accurately and efficiently.  \nIn breast cancer screening, visual search has been shown to be complex and can result in a failure to find a high proportion of cancerous indicators (e.g. Evans et al., 2013a, 2013b). To minimise these errors, different procedures have been implemented to try and reduce miss errors and optimise search. For example, in the UK each mammogram is viewed or ‘read’ by two readers, and any disagreement is then considered at arbitration.  \n© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the art","cbCaim1WWnF7xYkk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim1WWnF7xYkk","pdf",1729622,17,"English","# Abstract\n# Public significance statement\n# Introduction\n## Visual search in health and safety\n## Breast cancer screening and double reading\n## Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Aided Detection","[{\"question\":\"What is the over-reliance effect in CAD-based cancer detection?\",\"answer\":\"When CAD is inaccurate, its presence increases both missed cancers and false alarms. This pattern is described as the over-reliance effect.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers test whether framing CAD fallibility can help?\",\"answer\":\"They ran multiple experiments that told participants about CAD benefits or costs before the task. They compared framing with stronger warnings and related instruction sets, plus a condition with lower target prevalence.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show across the experiments?\",\"answer\":\"Framing alone did not change outcomes in Experiment 1, but a stronger message in Experiment 2 reduced the over-reliance effect. A similar reduction was observed in Experiment 3 when targets had lower prevalence.\"}]","Framing the fallibility of Computer-Aided Detection aids cancer detection - Original article - Open Access | PDF",1790221450,43]