[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-600704-105":59,"doc-detail-600704-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","framing-behaviours-in-novice-interaction-designers-research-abstract","Framing Behaviours in Novice Interaction Designers - Research Abstract","","Framing design problems and solutions is treated as a central designerly activity, with prior findings linking expert practices to problem–solution co-evolution and analogy use. The study examines whether interaction design novices also frame their thinking through co-evolution and analogies, and whether cultural differences appear. Analysis is based on protocol studies with novice interaction designers in the UK and Botswana, comparing co-evolution episodes and opening analogies across cohorts. Implications address design pedagogy for novices across cultures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/framing-behaviours-in-novice-interaction-designers-research-abstract/600704/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/framing-behaviours-in-novice-interaction-designers-research-abstract/600704.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dhado","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the paper investigate about novices’ framing behavior?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It investigates whether interaction design novices use problem–solution co-evolution and analogies to frame their thinking, and whether these behaviors differ across cultures.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is co-evolution characterized in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Co-evolution is discussed through two episode types: parallel co-evolution of problem and solution, and bridge building between the two spaces.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What differences were observed between UK and Botswana novice cohorts?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Both cohorts show similarities in using co-evolution and opening analogies, but they differ in counts of co-evolution episodes and opening analogies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},600704,1792171295,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},5909893218464,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Framing Behaviours in Novice Interaction Designers  \nNicole Lotz, The Open University, UK Helen Sharp, The Open University, UK Mark Woodroffe, The Open University, UK Richard Blyth, The Open University, UK Dino Rajah, Botho University, Botswana  \nTurugare Ranganai, Botho University, Botswana  \nRESEARCH  \n38  \nAbstract  \nFraming design problems and solutions has been recognised in design studies as a central designerly activity. Some recent findings with expert designers relate framing practices to problem–solution co-evolution and analogy use, two further widely recognised design strategies. We wanted to understand if interaction design novices also use co-evolution and analogies to frame their thinking. Furthermore we wanted to see if there are any differences across cultures. The paper reports an analysis of data gained from protocol studies with novice interaction designers in the UK and Botswana. Novice  \ninteraction designers in the UK and Botswana show some similarities in framing behaviours using co-evolution and opening analogies to develop metaphorical themes in framing. But within these observations we also found differences across the cohorts, such as different numbers of co-evolution episodes or opening analogies. The implications are discussed in the light of adopting appropriate design pedagogy for novices in different cultures. To increase reframing and generation of more ideas in UK design novices, educators would need to increase the number of leaps between problem and solution spaces. To encourage Botswana groups to frame ideas and work them through in depth, educators would need to discourage students from building too many bridges. Educators are also encouraged to experiment with prohibiting opening analogies to see what other framing behaviours occur.  \nKey words  \nco-evolution, framing, analogy, design novices, interaction design, culture  \nIntroduction  \nTwo related aspects of expert designer behaviour have attracted increased attention from researchers: framing and co-evolution of problem and solution. During framing, designers create a particular view on the design problem. Cross wrote: “ …designers appear to explore the problem space from a particular perspective in order to frame the problem in a way that stimulates and pre-structures the  \nemergence of design concepts”(Cross, 2007 p. 94) . The way designers frame a problem implies certain early solutions.  \nSeveral design researchers have found that problems and solutions co-evolve over time (e.g. Maher, 1996, Dorst & Cross, 2001), and that there are two types of episode in this behaviour: parallel co-evolution of problem and solution, and bridge building between these two spaces. The first type of episode involves a progression of parallel thought in both solution and problem spaces. In the second, intermediate solutions ‘talk back’ to the designer to help understand and frame the problem. The ‘talk back’situation is understood as a shift in focus between problem and solution spaces (Dorst & Cross, 2001) . It can also be understood as a bridge being built between the two spaces. Bridges can be built in both directions. Bridges seem to be built to reconsider the suitability of the current frame and to devise a new solution if the original solution does not satisfy the evolving problem conceptualization. Parallel episodes seem to progress solution and problem criteria without major shifts in either space. Other than this, little is known about the different functions that parallel co-evolution and bridges between these spaces play in the development of a design solution. What we do know is that problem–solution co-evolution as a whole helps experts to frame their design thinking.  \nBuilding on this seminal work in problem–solution coevolution and framing, a new intensification in research around this topic has emerged. Recent studies look at expert designers’ use of framing strategies. Dorst (2011) argues that the activity of framing open and complex","cbCaipFR4VTc0BWM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipFR4VTc0BWM","pdf",283356,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Framing and problem–solution co-evolution in expert design\n## Episode types: parallel progression and bridge building\n## Metaphorical themes and analogical reasoning\n## Novice interaction designers across the UK and Botswana","[{\"question\":\"What does the paper investigate about novices’ framing behavior?\",\"answer\":\"It investigates whether interaction design novices use problem–solution co-evolution and analogies to frame their thinking, and whether these behaviors differ across cultures.\"},{\"question\":\"How is co-evolution characterized in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Co-evolution is discussed through two episode types: parallel co-evolution of problem and solution, and bridge building between the two spaces.\"},{\"question\":\"What differences were observed between UK and Botswana novice cohorts?\",\"answer\":\"Both cohorts show similarities in using co-evolution and opening analogies, but they differ in counts of co-evolution episodes and opening analogies.\"}]","Framing Behaviours in Novice Interaction Designers - Research Abstract | PDF",1792091223,23]