[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-318642-105":59,"doc-detail-318642-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","four-waves-of-feminism-part-4-overview","Four Waves of Feminism - Part 4 - overview","","Four Waves of Feminism traces how modern feminism developed beyond the common “three waves” framework, arguing that a fourth wave is now emerging. It reviews the first wave’s suffrage-driven organizing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, then explains the second wave’s rise from civil rights and anti-war contexts and its emphasis on radical change and reproductive rights. It also outlines key ideas tied to later waves, including theoretical shifts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/four-waves-of-feminism-part-4-overview/318642/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/four-waves-of-feminism-part-4-overview/318642.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-20",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the text move beyond the idea of only three waves of feminism?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It says there is little consensus about characterizing the three waves and how to treat earlier women’s movements, then argues that a fourth-wave silhouette is emerging.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What was the main goal of the first wave of feminism?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Its goal was to open opportunities for women, with a focus on suffrage, beginning with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What contexts shaped the second wave of feminism?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It unfolded in the 1960s through the 90s amid anti-war and civil rights movements and a growing self-consciousness among minority groups, with radicalization connected to the New Left.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},318642,1791283801,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":44},5909877438554,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/5600025385ad2bf12a7?_k=1778553567797529272","Four Waves ofFeminism  \nBy Martha Rampton  \nIt is common to speak of three phases of modern feminism; however, thereis little consensus as to how to characterize these three waves or what to do with women's movements before the late nineteenth century. Making the landscape even harder to navigate, a new silhouette is emerging on the horizon and taking the shape of a fourth wave of feminism.  \nSome thinkers have sought to locate the roots of feminism in ancient Greece with Sappho (d. c. 570 BCE), or the medieval world with Hildegard of Bingen (d. 1179) or Christine de Pisan (d. 1434) . Certainly Olympes de Gouge (d. 1791), Mary Wollstonecraft (d. 1797) and Jane Austen (d. 1817) are foremothers of the modern women's movement. All of these people advocated for the dignity, intelligence, and basic human potential of the female sex. However, it was not until the late nineteenth century that the efforts for women's equal rights coalesced into a clearly identifiable and self-conscious movement, or rather a series of movements.  \nThe first wave of feminism took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for women, with a focus on suffrage. The wave formally began at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 when three hundred men and women rallied to the cause of equality for women. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (d. 1902) drafted the Seneca Falls Declaration outlining the new movement's ideology and political strategies.  \nIn its early stages, feminism was interrelated with the temperance and abolitionist movements and gave voice to now-famous activists like the African-American Sojourner Truth (d. 1883), who demanded: \"Ain't I awoman?\" Victorian America saw women acting in very \"un-ladylike\" ways (public speaking, demonstrating, stints in jail), which challenged the \"cult of domesticity. \" Discussions about the vote and women's participation in politics led to an examination of the differences between men and women as they were then viewed. Some claimed that women were morally superior to men, and so their presence in the civic sphere would improve public behavior and the political process.  \nThe second wave began in the 1960s and continued into the 90s. This wave unfolded in the context of the anti-war and civil rights movements and the growing self-consciousness of a variety of minority groups around the world.  \nThe New Left was on the rise, and the voice of the second wave was increasingly radical. In this phase, sexuality and reproductive rights were dominant issues, and much of the movement's energy was focused on passing the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing social equality regardless of sex.  \nThis phase began with protests against the Miss America pageant in Atlantic City in 1968 and 1969 . Feminists parodied what they held to be a degrading\"cattle parade\" that reduced women to objects of beauty dominated by a patriarchy that sought to keep them in the home or in dull, low-paying jobs. The radical New York group called the Redstockings staged a counter pageant in which they crowned a sheep as Miss America and threw \"oppressive\"feminine artifacts such as bras, girdles, high-heels, makeup and false eyelashes into the trashcan.  \nBecause the second wave of feminism found voice amid so many other social movements, it was easily marginalized and viewed as less pressing than, for example, Black Power or efforts to end the war in Vietnam. Feminists reacted by forming women-only organizations (such as NOW) and \"consciousness  \naoiingflg,\"rrofei.ntpuabdlvicoaaiot l hi BpCeHieifeson\" Tnhde \"sSeienrdhowodvies was increasingly theoretical, based on a fusion of neo-Marxism and psycho-analytical theory, and began to associate the subjugation of women with broader critiques of patriarchy, capitalism, normative heterosexuality, and the woman's role as wife and mother. Sex and gen","cbCaioI4mlmlvJy8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioI4mlmlvJy8","pdf",83958,"English","# Four Waves of Feminism\n## First wave of feminism\n## Second wave of feminism\n## Radical movements and key campaigns\n## Third wave developments","[{\"question\":\"Why does the text move beyond the idea of only three waves of feminism?\",\"answer\":\"It says there is little consensus about characterizing the three waves and how to treat earlier women’s movements, then argues that a fourth-wave silhouette is emerging.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the main goal of the first wave of feminism?\",\"answer\":\"Its goal was to open opportunities for women, with a focus on suffrage, beginning with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.\"},{\"question\":\"What contexts shaped the second wave of feminism?\",\"answer\":\"It unfolded in the 1960s through the 90s amid anti-war and civil rights movements and a growing self-consciousness among minority groups, with radicalization connected to the New Left.\"}]","Four Waves of Feminism - Part 4 - overview | PDF",1789940835]