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It frames crime as a product of both social structure and individual biological and psychological conditions, drawing on modern developments in biology, psychology, anthropology, and economics. The preface emphasizes how understanding criminal motives guides judicial investigation and social defense measures, while warning against overemphasizing mental disorders and against attempts to secure impunity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/foundations-of-criminology-preface/324497/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/foundations-of-criminology-preface/324497.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the preface say criminology should focus on instead of only legal definitions?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that criminology should seek the underlying causes of criminality, not merely register its external manifestations. It connects crime to the social structure and to individual physical and psychic impulses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is understanding the criminal motive considered important?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The preface states that it reveals the object of the punishable deed, provides a logical starting point for judicial investigation, and helps determine appropriate means of social defense adopted by the state.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What concern does the preface raise about attributing crimes mainly to mental disorders?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It warns against the tendency, noted especially in Italy and the United States, of exaggerating mental disorders as causes of crime, describing an environment of increasing professional criminality and attempts to convert criminal cases into dementia or amnesia for 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MICROFORM TARGET  \nORIGINAL MATERIAL AS FILMED-EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD  \n\n|  |\n| --- |\n| 308  \u003Cbr>Z  \u003Cbr>Brasol,Boris Leo,1885-  \u003Cbr>Box 282 …Foundations of crininology [byy Boris  \u003Cbr>Brasol…[19261  \u003Cbr>13-39 p.diagr.25 cm.  \u003Cbr>Captior-title.  \u003Cbr>\"Reprinted from Journal of oriminal law and  \u003Cbr>criminology,volume XVII,no.1,May,1926.\"  \u003Cbr>52365  \u003Cbr>011   |\n\n Reproduchions may not be made without pemission from Columbifa University Lbraries                  \nRESTRICTIONS ON USE:  \nTECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA  \nFILM SIZE:            35mmREDUCTION BATIO:      /2:/  \nIMAGE PLACEMENT:IA(IA)IB IIB  \nINITIALS:                  报  \nDATE FILMED:                    7-31-97  \nTRACKING\\#:                                                                                              26266  \n可  \nFILMED BY PRESERVATION RESOURCES,BETHLEHEM,PA.  \n27(930 DA了ure  \nclnly7·31·2G  \n[Reprinted from Journal of Criminal Louw and Criminology,Volume xvII.No.1,May,1926]  \n# FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY\n\n308  \nBoRIs BRASOL¹Z2ox 28  \nPREFACE  \nAmong the vital problems confronting civilized mankind,the sin-ister phenomenon of criminality occupies a prominent place and engagesever-increasing attention toward its scientific solution on the part ofboth the jurists and the general public.  \nModen thought is no longer content with the scholastic inter-pretation of crime based upon abstract legal formulas inscribed in penalcodes,but it seeks to explain the complex nature of the criminal deedin the light of the latest discoveries of biology,psychology,anthropologyand economics.  \nPositive criminology had departed-and therein lies its greatachievement—from the traditional path of the classical school whichdealt with crime quite apart from the realities of every-day life;meta-physical conception which reduced the whole study of criminality toa purely formal analysis of crime from the standpoint of the particularpenal legislation,including the system of punishment.  \nIn our day,too,the legal aspect forms an important portion ofcriminology;only we do not confine ourselves to this technical phaseof the study,because the basic fact is now recognized that criminalphenomena are functions sui generis of the social structure at large,while on the other hand,they necessarily have an individual back-ground in the physical constitution and the psychic impulses of thecriminal.The social nature and the sociologic notion of crime havebeen discussed at length not only by the prominent scientists of theItalian school with Lombroso and Garofalo its,leading spirits andmaster minds,but also by Anglo-Saxon criminologists like T.D.Eliot,Havelock Ellis,Edwin Sutherland and a number of others.  \nThus extending the scope of its inquiry to the realms of social andnatural sciences,modern criminology endeavors to find the underlyingcause of criminality instead of merely registering its external manifesta-tions.  \nExperimental psychology and psycho-pathology,perhaps more thanother disciplines,are rendering priceless services to the criminologist  \n1000  \nof our age,enabling him to examine the inner mechanism of the crim-inal act in its development and growth.While these clinical observa-tions are of great theoretical importance,oftentimes they equally fur-nish the jurists with reliable data on the practical problem of thecorpus dilicti and the imputation of the particular criminal deed.Here,then,criminology has to pass on one of the most difficult questions re-lating to crime,namely its motive  \nThe correct understanding of the criminal motive:  \n(a)reveals the object of the punishable deed;  \n(b)gives a logical starting point to the judicial investigation,and,  \n(c)determines the means of social defense which,in the specifice in-stance should be adopted by the state.  \nSometimes the very absence of a clearly defined motive throws anentirely new light ","cbCaivdUDHnoTjSd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivdUDHnoTjSd","pdf",1173857,18,"English","# Preface\n## Scientific approach to criminology\n## Crime as social and individual phenomena\n## Role of criminal motive in investigation and defense\n## Risks of exaggerating mental disorders","[{\"question\":\"What does the preface say criminology should focus on instead of only legal definitions?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that criminology should seek the underlying causes of criminality, not merely register its external manifestations. It connects crime to the social structure and to individual physical and psychic impulses.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is understanding the criminal motive considered important?\",\"answer\":\"The preface states that it reveals the object of the punishable deed, provides a logical starting point for judicial investigation, and helps determine appropriate means of social defense adopted by the state.\"},{\"question\":\"What concern does the preface raise about attributing crimes mainly to mental disorders?\",\"answer\":\"It warns against the tendency, noted especially in Italy and the United States, of exaggerating mental disorders as causes of crime, describing an environment of increasing professional criminality and attempts to convert criminal cases into dementia or amnesia for impunity.\"}]","FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY - Preface | PDF",1789968076,45]