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Although the policy included many commendable provisions, feedback from key education stakeholders indicates that implementation has been inadequate and requires urgent attention. The analysis frames education as essential for development, yet highlights persistent inequalities and systemic weaknesses that undermine policy outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/formulation-and-implementation-of-educational-policies-in-nigeria/590733/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/formulation-and-implementation-of-educational-policies-in-nigeria/590733.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanley","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What educational policy does the paper focus on in Nigeria?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It focuses on the formulation and implementation of the Nigerian national policy of education enacted in 1977.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is policy implementation considered deficient?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Feedback from key stakeholders shows that, despite laudable provisions, implementation is inadequate and needs urgent attention.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major issues affect education delivery and outcomes in Nigeria?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The text highlights reduced education spending, degraded facilities, declining literacy rates, shortages of infrastructure, limited access to basic education due to gender and socio-cultural factors, and curriculum emphasis on theoretical knowledge over technical and vocational education.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590733,1793146969,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},2336477405376,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","African Educational Research Journal  \nVol. 6(1), pp. 1-4, January 2018 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nReview  \nFormulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria  \nJonathan Adedayo Odukoya1,2*, Ebenezer Bowale3 and Sola Okunlola1  \n1 Department of Psychology, Covenant University, Nigeria.  \n23EDucatpartnal Rent ofesearchEconomNi,worCokvfeonraWesnt UianvesCitey,ntrNiaglAfreriaica, Nigeria.  \nAccepted 11 December, 2017  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>The paper reviewed the formulation and implementation of the Nigerian national policy of education that was enacted in 1977. Though the document featured lot of laudable policies, feedback from key stakeholders in education revealed that the implementation of the policy was deficient and need urgent attention for the country to experience the much need development.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Learning, educational policies, formulation, implementation, Nigeria, national policy of education, development. |\n| --- |\n| *Corresponding author. E-mail: [dayoodukoya@gmail.com](dayoodukoya@gmail.com). |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nThe importance of education to the general well-being of mankind cannot be overemphasized. Education is a fundamental human right. The relationship between education and development has been established, such that education is now internationally accepted as a key development index (UNDP, 2016) . It is in recognition of this importance that the international community and governments all over the world have made commitments for its citizens to have access to education.  \nBackground  \nOver the years, Nigeria has expressed a commitment to education, with the belief that overcoming illiteracy and ignorance will form a basis for accelerated national development. However, regardless of the incontrovertible evidence that education is crucial to the development of the community and the nation, there remain inequalities in access to education in Nigeria. Despite its potential for leveling opportunities, education is pathetically used to perpetrate inequalities. Millions of poor people are still being excluded from the processes and outcomes of education.  \nTHE STATE OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA  \nThe severe decline of the oil market in the early eighties, combined with the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), led to drastic reductions in spending on education in Nigeria. The result was unpaid teacher salaries, degradation of education facilities at all levels and strikes in universities/public schools, culminating in declining literacy rates.  \nThe poor state of education in Nigeria is aptly captured in the National Empowerment Development Strategy (IMF, 2005) as follows:  \n‘ …the delivery of education in Nigeria has suffered from years of neglect, compounded by inadequate attention to policy frameworks within the sector. Findings from an ongoing educational sector analysis confirm the poor state of education in Nigeria. The national literacy rate is currently 57 percent. Some 49 percent of the teaching force is unqualified.  \nThere are acute shortages of infrastructure and facilities at all levels. Access to basic education is inhibited by gender issues and socio-cultural  \nbeliefs and practices, among other factors. Wide disparities persist in educational standards and learning achievements. The system emphasizes theoretical knowledge at the expense of technical, vocational, and entrepreneurial education. School curricula need urgent review to make them relevant and practice oriented’.  \nThe challenges of policy implementation  \nFor about forty years now, Nigeria has been unable to successfully implement the National Policy on Education [NPE] . The policy which came into existence in 1977 , after over four years of deliberations at various levels, appeared to have solutions to virtually all core educational problems (FME, 1977) . However, there are apparent serious problems in the area of implementation. Some of them are highlighted below:  \nNigeria’s philosophy of education  \nIn Section 1 Sub-Section 5, the NPE","cbCaic9XLcwdUku0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaic9XLcwdUku0","pdf",125821,"English","# Introduction\n## Background\n# The state of education in Nigeria\n## The challenges of policy implementation\n# Nigeria’s philosophy of education\n# Policy on language\n# Policy on pre-primary education","[{\"question\":\"What educational policy does the paper focus on in Nigeria?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on the formulation and implementation of the Nigerian national policy of education enacted in 1977.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is policy implementation considered deficient?\",\"answer\":\"Feedback from key stakeholders shows that, despite laudable provisions, implementation is inadequate and needs urgent attention.\"},{\"question\":\"What major issues affect education delivery and outcomes in Nigeria?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights reduced education spending, degraded facilities, declining literacy rates, shortages of infrastructure, limited access to basic education due to gender and socio-cultural factors, and curriculum emphasis on theoretical knowledge over technical and vocational education.\"}]","Formulation and implementation of educational policies in Nigeria | PDF",1792070302]