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It provides a structured overview of what forest certification entails, including key terms, scope, and how certification has evolved through PEFC and FSC origins, funding, and governance structures. It then compares standards, processes, governance approaches, and identifies business risks linked to political agendas and environmental campaign strategies. The report includes case studies, annexes, and references supporting the comparative framework.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/forest-certification-sustainability-governance-and-risk-january-2011/501133/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/forest-certification-sustainability-governance-and-risk-january-2011/501133.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"ahduag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15","2026-10-03",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the report cover about forest certification?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explains what forest certification is, how it evolved (including PEFC and FSC), and how sustainability, governance, and risk are treated across different approaches.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the report compare PEFC and FSC?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It compares their standards, processes, and governance, including principles, criteria and indicators, governance separation concepts, and the purpose and effect of governance models.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What types of business risks are discussed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The report highlights risks to business such as political agendas in FSC and environmental campaign strategies, supported by case studies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},501133,1791165699,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747870414,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Forest Certification – Sustainability, Governance and Risk  \nJanuary 2011  \nITS GLOBAL  \nInternational Trade Strategies Pty Ltd, trading as ITS Global Level 1, 34 Queen Street, Melbourne, 3000  \nTel: (61) 3 9654 8323  \nFax: (61) 3 9654 4922  \n[http://www.itsglobal.net](http://www.itsglobal.net)  \nCommercial-in-confidence. The views expressed in this publication are those of its authors. The consultant takes no liability for commercial decisions taken on the basis of information in this report. The information is accurate to the best of the consultant’s knowledge, however the consultant advises that no decision with commercial implications which depends upon government law or regulation or executive discretion should betaken by any person or entity without that party’s having secured direct advice from the government agency concerned in writing.  \nContents  \nAcronyms ..............................................................................................................................4  \nExecutive Summary ..............................................................................................................5  \nIntroduction – Why is Forest Certification about more than Certification?........................7  \n1. What is Forest Certification? ............................................................................................9  \n1.1 Terms and Definitions ....................................................................................................9  \n1.2 Scope and Coverage ................................................................................................... 10  \n2. Evolution of Forestry Certification ................................................................................. 11  \n2.1 Origins PEFC and FSC ................................................................................................ 11  \n2.2 Funding ....................................................................................................................... 12  \n2.3 Governance Structures ................................................................................................ 12  \n3. Comparison of Standards ............................................................................................... 15  \n3.1 Principles, Criteria and Indicators ................................................................................. 15  \n3.2 Comparison of Principles, Criteria and Indicators.......................................................... 15  \n4. Comparison of Processes............................................................................................... 17  \n4.1 Principles of Good Governance.................................................................................... 17  \n4.2 Arms-Length Separation .............................................................................................. 17  \n4.3 FSC and ISEAL – Adding ‗Credibility‘........................................................................... 17  \n4.4 Summary of Differences ............................................................................................... 18  \n5. Comparison of Governance ............................................................................................20  \n5.1 Management and Governance .....................................................................................20  \n5.2 Purpose and Effect ......................................................................................................21  \n6. Risks to Business............................................................................................................22  \n6.1 Political Agenda in FSC................................................................................................22  \n6.2 Environmental Campaign Strategy and FSC ................................................................23  \n7 Case Studies............................................................................................","cbCaiglY6dKMhgQM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiglY6dKMhgQM","pdf",1344626,42,"English","# Acronyms\n# Executive Summary\n# Introduction – Why is Forest Certification about more than Certification?\n# 1. What is Forest Certification?\n## 1.1 Terms and Definitions\n## 1.2 Scope and Coverage\n# 2. Evolution of Forestry Certification\n## 2.1 Origins PEFC and FSC\n## 2.2 Funding\n## 2.3 Governance Structures\n# 3. Comparison of Standards\n## 3.1 Principles, Criteria and Indicators\n## 3.2 Comparison of Principles, Criteria and Indicators\n# 4. Comparison of Processes\n## 4.1 Principles of Good Governance\n## 4.2 Arms-Length Separation\n## 4.3 FSC and ISEAL – Adding ‗Credibility‘\n## 4.4 Summary of Differences\n# 5. Comparison of Governance\n## 5.1 Management and Governance\n## 5.2 Purpose and Effect\n# 6. Risks to Business\n## 6.1 Political Agenda in FSC\n## 6.2 Environmental Campaign Strategy and FSC\n# 7. Case Studies\n## 7.1 Standards or Politics?– APP, Indonesia\n## 7.2 Environmental Campaigning within FSC-SCA, Sweden\n## 7.3 NGO lobbying – VicForests, Australia\n## 7.4 FSC and Risk Management – Danzer Group, Republic of Congo\n## 7.5 ‗Third-Party‘Certification – APRIL, Indonesia\n# Annex I: General Comparative Overview of PEFC and FSC\n# Annex II: Comparison of Standard Setting and Certification Procedures\n# Annex III: Comparison of PEFC and FCS International Standards (Criteria and Indicators)\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What does the report cover about forest certification?\",\"answer\":\"It explains what forest certification is, how it evolved (including PEFC and FSC), and how sustainability, governance, and risk are treated across different approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report compare PEFC and FSC?\",\"answer\":\"It compares their standards, processes, and governance, including principles, criteria and indicators, governance separation concepts, and the purpose and effect of governance models.\"},{\"question\":\"What types of business risks are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The report highlights risks to business such as political agendas in FSC and environmental campaign strategies, supported by case studies.\"}]","Forest Certification – Sustainability, Governance and Risk - January 2011 | PDF",1791017400,106]