[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-267187-105":59,"doc-detail-267187-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","foot-and-mouth-disease-in-africa-overview","Foot-and-mouth disease in Africa - Overview","","Overview of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa, focusing on the SAT serotypes and why limited cross protection defines seven serotypes. Compares epidemiological patterns across regions and explains how unique SAT types, genetic and antigenic variation, and wildlife maintenance hosts shape transmission. Highlights wildlife-to-livestock spread and the epidemiological role of African buffalo, including sub-clinical infections, virus excretion timing, persistence as a source of genetic variants, and evidence for ongoing antigenic change.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/foot-and-mouth-disease-in-africa-overview/267187/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/foot-and-mouth-disease-in-africa-overview/267187.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Gloria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are seven FMD serotypes defined in the African SAT system?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are defined due to lack of cross protection between serotypes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How do SAT serotypes spread between wildlife and livestock?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Different epidemiological patterns depend on wildlife and/or domestic animals. Other wildlife can transmit FMD to domestic animals during the acute phase, and buffalo can be a source of infection when susceptible livestock are in close proximity.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What role does African buffalo play in maintaining SAT viruses?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"SAT serotypes are predominately maintained by African buffalo that develop sub-clinical infection, mainly in calves once maternal antibodies wane. Virus excretion is considerable during acute infection, while carrier status can persist for years and support ongoing viral evolution.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},267187,1789415809,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145},2336474459895,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000baeef7a5ed0655?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786071322749376916","Foot-and-mouth disease in Africa  \nWilna Vosloo  \nARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa  \nIntroduction  \n• The 7 serotypes are defined due to lack of cross protection  \n• Based on epidemiology, 2 different diseases?  \n• Africa:  \n• Unique SAT types  \n• More genetic and antigenic variation  \n• Wildlife maintenance host with apparent co-evolution  \n• New genetic and antigenic FMDV variants are generated  \n• Unclear role of other cloven-hoofed wildlife in spreading and maintaining the disease  \n• Various epidemiological patterns  \n• Involvement of wildlife  \n• Primarily livestock involvement  \n• SATs have caused very few outbreaks outside sub-Saharan Africa  \nSummary of SAT outbreaks outside sub-Saharan Africa  \nCountry Serotype Year  \nLibya SAT-2 2003  \nEgypt SAT-2 1950  \nSaudi Arabia SAT-2 2000  \nYemen SAT-1 1984  \nSAT-2 1990  \nJordan SAT-1 1962  \nIsrael SAT-1 1962  \nLebanon SAT-1 1962  \nTurkey SAT-1 1962-1965  \nIraq SAT-1 1962  \nIran SAT-1 1962-1964  \nKuwait SAT-1 1969-1970  \nSAT-2 2000  \nSourced from [http://www.wrlfmd.org/](http://www.wrlfmd.org/)  \nFMD in sub-Saharan Africa  \n• The SAT serotypes predominate in southern Africa, while serotypes O and A also occur in other parts of subSaharan Africa  \n• Different “patterns” of FMD occur-dependant on wildlife and/or on domestic animals  \nTo control FMD in the face of increasing integration of land-use, we need to understand the behaviour of SAT viruses in domestic animals and wildlife and how FMD is transmitted from wildlife to livestock  \nRole of African buffalo in the epidemiology of FMD in southern  \nAfrica  \n• The 3 SAT serotypes predominate in southern Africa  \n• They are maintained by African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) that can be a source of infection for susceptible livestock in close proximity  \n• Infection in buffalo is sub-clinical and normally occurs in calves as soon as maternal antibodies waneat 2-6 months of age  \n• Thereafter infection is rapid: in KNP > 80% develop antibody to SAT1-3 by 12 months of age  \n• VERY FEW animals, if any, develop clinical disease  \n• During acute infection, lasting about a week, thereis considerable excretion of virus in all secretions  \n\n| Age-related seropositivity to SAT-viruses in buffalo 1987 |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| % sero-positive | 120\u003Cbr>100\u003Cbr>80\u003Cbr>60\u003Cbr>40\u003Cbr>20\u003Cbr>0 | |  SAT-1\u003Cbr> SAT-2\u003Cbr> SAT-3 |\n\nFeatures of the interaction between buffalo and the SAT  \ntype viruses  \n• During a monitored outbreak:  \n• ~ 70% virus positive 1-4 months PI  \n• 40% at 5 months PI  \n• 17% after 6 months PI  \n• Carrier status may persist for 5 years or longer in a single animal and up to 24 years inan isolated herd  \n• Serological evidence indicates that more buffalo are infected by SAT-1 than by SAT-2, but historically SAT-2 outbreaks have occurred more frequently in other species  \n• Other wildlife species also become infected and their role in virus‘maintenance’ is not clear, although they can transmit FMD to domestic animals in the acute phase of infection  \nPersistence as generator of genetic variants  \n• FMD viruses change during persistent infection and may give rise to new antigenic variants as shown by at least 3 infections in buffalo (2 x SAT-1 and 1 X SAT-2)  \n• Molecular clock estimated to be 3 x 105 nt substitutions per site per day for SAT-1 infection in buffalo  \n• Seven amino acid changes occurred 1D of which four occurred in hypervariable regions previously described for SAT-1  \n645 C-AH-Q  \nKNP/36/01 [159]  \nKNP/01/01 [2]  \nKNP/34/01 [32]  \nKNP/5/01 [32]  \nKNP/14/01 [32]  \n540 T1-5 A-GK-E  \n396 G-A  \nKNP/20/0  \n1 [122]  \n659 G-AG-D  \nKNP/24/0 1 [122]  \n580 G-A  \nE-K 526 G-A  \nG-S  \nKNP/23/0   \n1 [122]  \n693 T-C  \n225 A-G  \n96 A-G  \nKNP/35/0 1 [176]  \n581 A-TE-V  \n552 C-T  \n651 C-T 60 C-T  \nKNP/38/0  \n1 [159]  \n115 G-AV-M  \nKNP/33/0 1 [176]","cbCaiiltEEpctjVk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiltEEpctjVk","pdf",1236598,28,"English","# Introduction\n## SAT serotypes outside sub-Saharan Africa\n## FMD in sub-Saharan Africa\n## Role of African buffalo in southern Africa\n## Features of buffalo–SAT virus interaction\n## Persistence and generation of genetic variants","[{\"question\":\"Why are seven FMD serotypes defined in the African SAT system?\",\"answer\":\"They are defined due to lack of cross protection between serotypes.\"},{\"question\":\"How do SAT serotypes spread between wildlife and livestock?\",\"answer\":\"Different epidemiological patterns depend on wildlife and/or domestic animals. Other wildlife can transmit FMD to domestic animals during the acute phase, and buffalo can be a source of infection when susceptible livestock are in close proximity.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does African buffalo play in maintaining SAT viruses?\",\"answer\":\"SAT serotypes are predominately maintained by African buffalo that develop sub-clinical infection, mainly in calves once maternal antibodies wane. Virus excretion is considerable during acute infection, while carrier status can persist for years and support ongoing viral evolution.\"}]","Foot-and-mouth disease in Africa - Overview | PDF",71]