[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-152433-en":3,"doc-seo-152433-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":20,"language":21,"language_code":22,"site_id":23,"html_lang":22,"table_of_contents":24,"faqs":25,"seo_title":26,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},152433,8796095360427,"Lucas Martin","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d",7,"Healthcare","Foods from the Forest - Nutritional Analysis of Wild Plant Foods foraged by the Baka in Southeastern Cameroon","Foods from the Forest presents a macronutritional analysis of wild edible plant foods foraged by Baka forager-horticulturalists in southeastern Cameroon. The study addresses gaps in knowledge about nutrient variation across rainforest habitats by providing macronutrient data for 17 distinct wild plant taxa. Results show tubers as a primary carbohydrate source, nuts and seeds enriched in fat, and leaves functioning as an important plant-based protein contributor. Variation within some taxa suggests plant age as a potential driver.","Foods from the Forest: A Nutritional Analysis of Wild Plant  \nFoods Used by the Baka Forager-Horticulturalists in  \nSoutheastern Cameroon  \nT. Karens 1, V. Fogliano 2, S. Gallois, 1,3 and A. G. Henry 1  \n1 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333CC Leiden, the Netherlands  \n2 Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food Quality and Design, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands  \n3 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain  \nContact: [t.karens@umail.leidenuniv.nl](t.karens@umail.leidenuniv.nl)  \nBackground and research problem  \nIt is more common in public health to draw upon hunter-gatherer lifestyle and dietary practice to help solve the increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases 1 .  \nEthnographic studies on extant hunter-gatherers play a crucial role in reconstructing past hominin subsistence behaviours throughout the evolution of our lineage 2 .  \nEarlier nutritional investigations have focused mostly on African populations from savannas. Little attention has been given to nutrient variation across habitats 3 .  \nTropical rainforests have been deemed too hostile for prehistoric human occupation and are understudied. But, rainforests have been of key significance to our ancestors4 .  \nHunter-gatherer dietary practice is often recruited as a reference standard for the evolution of human nutrition 5, neglecting the plurality of dietary practices and cultural trajectories within our deep past.  \nThe Baka are a group of forager-horticulturalists, of which around  \n40,000 individuals live in Cameroon 6. They can survive by foraging for prolonged periods of time within a rainforest environment7 .  \nStudying the macronutritional composition of Baka wild edible plant foods bolsters our insight into the nutritional and dietary composition of foraging groups within the African rainforest.  \nHere, we present macronutritional data on 17 unique wild plant taxa.  \nThe nutritional composition of wild plant foods  \nforaged by the Baka  \nMacronutritional composition per food type  \nMethods   \nResearch aim  \nMain research aim: establishing a macronutrient profile of wild edible plant foods foraged by the Baka forager-horticulturalists in southeastern Cameroon.  \nFuture research: Comparing the dietary composition of the Baka and the Baka macronutrient profile, to that of other foraging societies in variable habitats.  \nWe aim to substantiate the claim that the rainforest environment has been crucial to the evolution of our lineage, and that rainforests were occupied by pre-agrarian populations.  \nConclusions  \nTubers are the main supplier of carbohydrates, containing the most starch out of all available food items.  \nNuts and seeds are high in fat relatively to all other food types. Klainedoxa gabonensis is particularly high in fat for the leaf type. Arctium lappa tubers are contain significantly more fat than other tubers.  \nTotal dietary fiber is highest in leaves, followed by fruits. Fruits are substantially higher in carbohydrate content in comparison to leaves. Instead, leaves are the main plant-based protein source, alongongside Arctium lappa tubers and Panda oleosa nuts.  \nWithin species variation occurs in carbohydrate and total dietary fiber values for Dioscorea tubers. The variation is likely caused by plant age.  \nREFERENCES  \n1: Pontzer, H., Wood, B. M., & Raichlen, D. A. (2018) . Hunter-gatherers as models in public health: Hunter-gatherer health and lifestyle. Obesity Reviews, 19, 24–35. [https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785](https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12785)  \n2: Winterhalder, B., & Smith, E. A. (2000) . Analyzing adaptive strategies: Human behavioral ecology at twenty-five. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 9(2), 51–72. [https://doi.org/10.1002/](https://doi.org/10.1002/) (SICI)1520-6505(2000)","cbCaioz6z2hgTIQb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioz6z2hgTIQb","pdf",974863,1,"English","en",105,"# Background and research problem\n# Nutritional composition of wild plant foods foraged by the Baka\n## Macronutritional composition per food type\n# Methods and research aim\n## Main research aim\n## Future research\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What is the main research aim of Foods from the Forest?\",\"answer\":\"To establish a macronutrient profile of wild edible plant foods foraged by Baka forager-horticulturalists in southeastern Cameroon.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the study’s findings characterize carbohydrate sources?\",\"answer\":\"Tubers are identified as the main supplier of carbohydrates, containing the highest starch levels among the available food items.\"},{\"question\":\"Which plant food types contribute most to protein and dietary fiber?\",\"answer\":\"Leaves are the main plant-based protein source, while total dietary fiber is highest in leaves, followed by fruits.\"}]","Foods from the Forest - Nutritional Analysis of Wild Plant Foods foraged by the Baka in Southeastern Cameroon | PDF",1787861116,3,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":23,"language":22,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"foods-from-the-forest-nutritional-analysis-of-wild-plant-foods-foraged-by-the-baka-in-southeastern-cameroon","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,52,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,49],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":28},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/foods-from-the-forest-nutritional-analysis-of-wild-plant-foods-foraged-by-the-baka-in-southeastern-cameroon/152433/",4,{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":22,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":40,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-04","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What is the main research aim of Foods from the Forest?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"To establish a macronutrient profile of wild edible plant foods foraged by Baka forager-horticulturalists in southeastern Cameroon.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"How do the study’s findings characterize carbohydrate sources?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Tubers are identified as the main supplier of carbohydrates, containing the highest starch levels among the available food items.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"Which plant food types contribute most to protein and dietary fiber?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Leaves are the main plant-based protein source, while total dietary fiber is highest in leaves, followed by fruits.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":23},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,117,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":51,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},40,"healthcare",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]