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It covers contemporary developments, the biopsychosocial fine-tuning framework, and the four big ideas: critical thinking, debunking false beliefs, dual-track mind processing, and exploring human strengths through positive psychology.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/focus-on-vocabulary-and-language-psychologys-roots-four-big-ideas-in-psychology/492886/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/focus-on-vocabulary-and-language-psychologys-roots-four-big-ideas-in-psychology/492886.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"noah","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-01",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What does the text say psychology is defined as and how is it studied?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Psychology is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes. It is broken down into observable overt behavior and covert processes like thoughts and feelings, and studied using the scientific method.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What is meant by the biopsychosocial approach and “fine-tune”?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"“Fine-tune” means making small adjustments based on assumptions, values, and behaviors. The biopsychosocial approach views behavior across three levels: biological, psychological, and social-cultural.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What are the “two-track mind” concepts described in the passage?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The text says people hold knowledge beyond what they are consciously aware of. It distinguishes an unconscious, automatic level and a conscious, deliberate level, called dual processing.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},492886,1791644892,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,99,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":100,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":33,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1099529839121,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","FOCUS ON VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE  \nPsychology’s Roots  \nPsychological Science Is Born  \nPsychology’s earliest pioneers—“Magellans of the mind,” . . . Ferdinand Magellan (1489–1521) was a famous Portuguese navigator who made many discoveries and explored areas of the world previously unknown to his fellow Europeans . Because early psychologists made exciting discoveries and explored unknown frontiers, they were preparing the way (they were pioneers) for future psychologists and can thus be considered “Magellans of the mind.”  \n. . . larger-than-life . . . Watson and Skinner promoted the view that psychology should study only observable behavior and not mental processes . They were controversial figures who became well known and gained a certain notoriety (they were larger-than-life) .  \nLet’s unpack this definition . Unpack here means to take apart. So psychology, defined as the science of behavior and mental processes, is broken down into overt behavior (i.e . , observable events) and covert processes (i.e . , events hidden within, such as thoughts, feelings, perceptions, beliefs, and soon) and is studied using the scientific method.  \nContemporary Psychology  \n. . . from womb to tomb . . . Psychologists study the process of development, from conception to death (womb to tomb) as people change and mature physically, psychologically, and socially.(Another humorous expression describing the life span or life cycle is from“sperm to worm.”)  \n(Photo caption) . . . mushrooming . . . Membership in psychological societies is growing at a rapid rate (mushrooming), and psychology is becoming more and more international (globalizing) .  \nFour Big Ideas in Psychology  \n. . . fine-tune . . . Fine-tune means to modify or make small adjustments to achieve a better performance . Although human nature has a biological basis (it is rooted in our biology), socialcultural and psychological factors modify and change (fine-tune) our assumptions, values, and behaviors . The biopsychosocial approach views human behavior from three levels, biological, psychological, and social-cultural.  \nBig Idea 1: Critical Thinking Is Smart Thinking  \n. . . gut feelings . . . This refers to basic intuitive reactions or responses . Critical thinking requires determining whether a conclusion is based simply on a subjective opinion (a gut feeling) , an anecdote (a story someone tells) , or on reliable scientific evidence .  \n. . . delivering an electric shock to the brain (electroconvulsive therapy) may snap people out of severe depression . Electroconvulsive therapy (applying electric shock to the brain to induce convulsions) can help alleviate the symptoms of depression for many people (it may snap them out of severe depression) .  \n. . . debunked . . . This means to remove glamour or credibility from established ideas, persons, and traditions . Myers points out that scientific evidence and critical inquiry have indeed discredited (debunked) many popular presumptions .  \nNeither brain stimulation nor hypnosis will let us push “play” and relive long-buried memories . This is an example of a discredited (debunked) idea that hidden (long-buried) memories can be accurately and reliably brought back intact and complete in the same way that pressing (pushing) the“rewind” and “play” buttons on the DVD or Blu-ray player allows us to watch exactly the same scene over and over again .  \nBig Idea 3: We Operate With a Two-Track Mind (Dual Processing)  \nWe know more than we know we know . This sentence may sound confusing, but it means simply that we hold more knowledge in our brains than we are consciously aware of holding. We hold information at both the unconscious, automatic level and at the aware, deliberate, conscious level. Perception, memory, thinking, language, and attitudes all operate on these two levels . This is referred to as dual processing.  \nBig Idea 4: Psychology Explores Human Strengths as Well as Challenges  \nThe first pillar . . . A pillar is a physical sup","cbCaivJeDDjWkbhG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivJeDDjWkbhG","pdf",115367,"English","# Psychology’s Roots\n## Psychological Science Is Born\n## Contemporary Psychology\n# Four Big Ideas in Psychology\n## Big Idea 1: Critical Thinking Is Smart Thinking\n## Big Idea 3: We Operate With a Two-Track Mind (Dual Processing)\n## Big Idea 4: Psychology Explores Human Strengths as Well as Challenges\n# Why Do Psychology?\n## The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense","[{\"question\":\"What does the text say psychology is defined as and how is it studied?\",\"answer\":\"Psychology is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes. It is broken down into observable overt behavior and covert processes like thoughts and feelings, and studied using the scientific method.\"},{\"question\":\"What is meant by the biopsychosocial approach and “fine-tune”?\",\"answer\":\"“Fine-tune” means making small adjustments based on assumptions, values, and behaviors. The biopsychosocial approach views behavior across three levels: biological, psychological, and social-cultural.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the “two-track mind” concepts described in the passage?\",\"answer\":\"The text says people hold knowledge beyond what they are consciously aware of. It distinguishes an unconscious, automatic level and a conscious, deliberate level, called dual processing.\"}]","FOCUS ON VOCABULARY AND LANGUAGE - Psychology’s Roots - Four Big Ideas in Psychology | PDF",1790872008,13]