[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-341717-105":59,"doc-detail-341717-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","focus-on-pancreatic-cancer-microenvironment-review","Focus on Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment - Review","","Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains among the most lethal solid tumors due to local invasiveness and metastatic capacity, reflected in a 5-year survival rate of only 13%. A strong link exists between the pancreatic cancer microenvironment and tumor progression, including resistance to current anticancer regimens. The tumor microenvironment is composed of cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and acellular elements such as extracellular matrix, cytokines, growth factors, and secreted ligands. Desmoplasia creates a dense, hypoxic niche that promotes tumorigenesis, supports innate systemic resistance, and limits anti-tumor immune infiltration. Therapeutic implications and opportunities are discussed.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/focus-on-pancreatic-cancer-microenvironment-review/341717/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/focus-on-pancreatic-cancer-microenvironment-review/341717.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma considered highly lethal?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is highly lethal due to local aggressiveness and metastatic potential, with a reported 5-year survival rate of only 13%.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does desmoplasia play in pancreatic cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Desmoplasia promotes tumor progression by creating a dense and hypoxic environment, enabling treatment resistance and suppressing anti-tumor immune invasion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the tumor microenvironment influence treatment resistance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review explains that interactions among cancer cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, and acellular components such as the extracellular matrix contribute to a physical barrier and other mechanisms that hinder drug penetration and uptake.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},341717,1790094233,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Review  \nFocus on Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment Fabiana Pratticò and Ingrid Garajová *  \nCitation: Pratticò, F.; Garajová, I. Focus on Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment. Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31, 4241–4260. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/curroncol31080316](10.3390/curroncol31080316)  \nReceived: 16 June 2024  \nRevised: 18 July 2024  \nAccepted: 25 July 2024  \nPublished: 26 July 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nMedical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy; [fabiana.prattico@unipr.it](fabiana.prattico@unipr.it)  \n* Correspondence: [ingegarajova@gmail.com](ingegarajova@gmail.com); Tel.: +39-0521702660  \nAbstract: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remains one of the most lethal solid tumors due to its local aggressiveness and metastatic potential, with a 5-year survival rate of only 13% . A robust connection between pancreatic cancer microenvironment and tumor progression exists, as well as resistance to current anticancer treatments. Pancreatic cancer has a complex tumor microenvironment, characterized by an intricate crosstalk between cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells. The complex composition of the tumor microenvironment is also reflected in the diversity of its acellular components, such as the extracellular matrix, cytokines, growth factors and secreted ligands involved in signaling pathways. Desmoplasia, the hallmark of the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, contributes by creating a dense and hypoxic environment that promotes further tumorigenesis, provides innate systemic resistance and suppresses anti-tumor immune invasion. We discuss the complex crosstalk among tumor microenvironment components and explore therapeutic strategies and opportunities in pancreatic cancer research. Better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its influence on pancreatic cancer progression could lead to potential novel therapeutic options, such as integration of immunotherapy and cytokine-targeted treatments.  \nKeywords: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; tumor microenvironment; desmoplasia; cancerassociated fibroblasts; immune cells; cytokines; cancer therapy; immunotherapy  \n1. Introduction  \nPancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with an increasing incidence of approximately 1% annually in both sexes. PDAC is the most common histological subtype accounting for around 90% of pancreatic cancer. It is often associated with a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis and limited treatment options, with a 5-year OS rate of only 12–13%[1,2] . PDAC arises mainly from noninvasive precancerous lesions, mostly from microscopic PanIN, less frequently from IPMNs or MCN [3] . In the preneoplastic lesions, cells accumulate genetic and epigenetic alterations in oncogenesand tumor suppressor genes. Most common are alterations of the oncogene KRAS and the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4, triggering aberrant signaling cascades [4] . In addition to the extensive molecular alterations in neoplastic cells, the TME plays a crucial role in pancreatic tumorigenesis, tumor growth and metastasis as well as treatment resistance [5] . This review aims to elucidate the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment and their therapeutic implications.  \n2. Characteristics of the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment  \nThere is a growing interest in a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, its role in resistance to systemic therapies and its potential as a target for novel therapeutic approaches. PDAC has a particularly prominent mesenchymal compartment within its stroma, which i","cbCain6VA9VMHW7G","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain6VA9VMHW7G","pdf",1169240,"English","# Introduction\n# Characteristics of the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment\n## Desmoplasia\n## Extracellular Matrix and","[{\"question\":\"Why is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma considered highly lethal?\",\"answer\":\"It is highly lethal due to local aggressiveness and metastatic potential, with a reported 5-year survival rate of only 13%.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does desmoplasia play in pancreatic cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Desmoplasia promotes tumor progression by creating a dense and hypoxic environment, enabling treatment resistance and suppressing anti-tumor immune invasion.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the tumor microenvironment influence treatment resistance?\",\"answer\":\"The review explains that interactions among cancer cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, and acellular components such as the extracellular matrix contribute to a physical barrier and other mechanisms that hinder drug penetration and uptake.\"}]","Focus on Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment - Review | PDF",1790043350]