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Fluid Volume Excess is characterized by causes such as excessive fluid or sodium intake, and conditions like kidney failure, congestive heart failure, and liver failure. Assessment findings include high blood pressure, jugular venous distention, edema, weight gain, crackles, and shortness of breath. Complications can lead to further hypertension, third spacing, pulmonary edema, dilutional hyponatremia, and dilutional anemia. Nursing interventions for fluid volume excess involve monitoring intake and output, daily weights, administering diuretics, hypotonic IV fluids, and dialysis. Fluid Volume Deficit is categorized into isotonic (water and solute loss), hypertonic (water loss exceeding solute loss, leading to cellular dehydration), and hypotonic (solute loss exceeding water loss, resulting in hyponatremia and cellular swelling). Causes for isotonic deficit include trauma, diarrhea, vomiting, and sweating. Hypertonic causes involve polyuria, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), end-stage renal failure (ESRF), and severe fluid restriction. Hypotonic deficit is associated with conditions leading to hyponatremia. Assessment findings for fluid volume deficit include low blood pressure, tachycardia, weak pulses, concentrated urine (high specific gravity and urine osmolality), and thirst.",{"@graph":69,"@context":105},[70,84],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fluids-and-electrolytes/26499/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fluids-and-electrolytes/26499.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-05-08",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction","https://schema.org",{"og:url":107,"og:type":108,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fluids-and-electrolytes/26499","article",{"robots":110,"canonical":107},"index,follow",{"doc_id":112,"site_id":62},26499,1778198540,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":115},{"doc_id":112,"user_id":116,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":117,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":66,"file_id":118,"file_url":119,"file_type":120,"file_size":121,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":122,"language":123,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":66,"faqs":66,"seo_title":124,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":113,"read_time":125},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","cbCaifDskMQ1fXZT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifDskMQ1fXZT","pdf",1420134,127,"English","Fluids and Electrolytes | PDF",320]