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American undergraduates rated two-minute samples from five ITAs under audiovisual versus audio-only conditions. Results show that listeners without visual input perceived L2 speech as less fluent and more accented, while comprehensibility did not significantly differ. Video presentation improved perceived pronunciation and oral proficiency. Among acoustic measures, articulation rate correlated with perceptual ratings, informing ITA training and language testing.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/fluency-comprehensibility-and-accentedness-in-l2-speech-examining-the-role-of-visual-and-acoustic-information-in-listener-judgments/594097/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/fluency-comprehensibility-and-accentedness-in-l2-speech-examining-the-role-of-visual-and-acoustic-information-in-listener-judgments/594097.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Franzy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does presentation mode (audio vs. audiovisual) affect listeners’ ratings of L2 speech?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Listeners who did not see the speaker judged L2 speech as less fluent and more accented, while comprehensibility showed no significant difference. Video-mode recordings led to higher ratings for pronunciation and oral proficiency.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which acoustic measure was linked to listeners’ perceptual judgments?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Articulation rate was found to be associated with the perceptual ratings among the acoustic measures examined.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What gap does the study aim to address in previous research?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study targets the lack of research examining fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness under different rating conditions that include and exclude visual input from the speaker.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},594097,1792166402,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478945519,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","| \u003Cbr>| OPEN ACCESS\u003Cbr>Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics\u003Cbr>ISSN 2209-0959\u003Cbr>[https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/](https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/)\u003Cbr>|  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 40–54 (2023) [https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v6n1.1026](https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v6n1.1026) |  |  |\n| Fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 speech:\u003Cbr>Examining the role of visual and acoustic information in listener judgments |  | |\n| BURCU GOKGOZ-KURT a\u003Cbr>a Kutahya Dumlupinar University, TÜRKIYE [burcugokgozkurt@fulbrightmail.org](burcugokgozkurt@fulbrightmail.org) |  |  |\n\nAbstract  \nThe purpose of the present study was to examine (a) the effects of audio-visual information and (b) the role of temporal measurements associated with the perceptual ratings of fluency, accentedness, comprehensibility, pronunciation, and oral proficiency in second language (L2) speech samples of International Teaching Assistants (ITAs) . American undergraduate students randomly assigned to audiovisual and audio-only (without seeing the speaker) conditions rated the two-minute speech samples of five ITAs on a seven-point scale. For acoustic analysis, several temporal measurements were used that were hypothesized to have an association with the ratings. Findings revealed that listeners without visual information judged L2 speech as less fluent and more accented although no significant difference in comprehensibility was found. L2 speakers were also judged to have better pronunciation and higher oral proficiency when the recordings were presented in video mode. The findings further indicated that among the acoustic measures examined, articulation rate was found tobe associated with perceptual ratings. Implications for ITA training and language testing and assessment are discussed.  \nKeywords: accentedness, acoustic analysis, comprehensibility, visual cues, fluency  \nIntroduction  \nThe use of visual/nonverbal cues by second language (L2) speakers, such as the movements related to face, hands, head, or posture, has been shown to enhance L2 listeners’ speech perception (e.g., Buck, 2001; Wheeler & Saito, 2022) and elevate their ability to comprehend the conveyed message (e.g., Dahl & Ludvigsen, 2014; Sueyoshi & Hardison, 2005) . These findings indicate that when L2 speech is accompanied by visual information, it is likely to create a more positive impression on L2 listeners (Tsunemoto et al., 2022) . This, in turn, influences listeners’ judgments of L2 speech in various global  \nCopyright: © 2023 Burcu Gokgoz-Kurt. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nData Availability Statement: All relevant data are in this paper.  \nconstructs, including spoken fluency (henceforth fluency), comprehensibility (ease of understanding L2 speech), and accentedness (an approximation to nativelike speech) as indicators of L2 speakers’oral proficiency (Derwing & Munro, 2015) . However, previous studies have more often investigated these constructs by having listeners rate the audio-only recordings (Trofimovich et al., 2020; for an exception see Tsunemoto et al., 2022), which does not reflect the authentic mode of communication. Thus, the primary goal of the present study is to address this gap by investigating the impact of presentation mode (audio vs. audiovisual) on the ratings of fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness by listeners who speak English as their first language (L1) .  \nAll three constructs have been extensively studied by employing listeners’ scalar ratings as well as several linguistic dimensions, including acoustic measures. Research has indicated that examining the acoustic measures of L2 speech will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of L2 s","cbCaidblsar9ydKm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidblsar9ydKm","pdf",886635,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Visual/nonverbal cues in L2 speech perception\n## Research gap and study purpose\n## Methodological rationale and constructs","[{\"question\":\"How does presentation mode (audio vs. audiovisual) affect listeners’ ratings of L2 speech?\",\"answer\":\"Listeners who did not see the speaker judged L2 speech as less fluent and more accented, while comprehensibility showed no significant difference. Video-mode recordings led to higher ratings for pronunciation and oral proficiency.\"},{\"question\":\"Which acoustic measure was linked to listeners’ perceptual judgments?\",\"answer\":\"Articulation rate was found to be associated with the perceptual ratings among the acoustic measures examined.\"},{\"question\":\"What gap does the study aim to address in previous research?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets the lack of research examining fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness under different rating conditions that include and exclude visual input from the speaker.\"}]","Fluency, comprehensibility, and accentedness in L2 speech - Examining the role of visual and acoustic information in listener judgments | PDF",1792078531,38]