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The work models how wettability varies within a formation due to changes in aqueous chemistry, contaminant aging, and mineralogical or organic matter distributions. A two-dimensional multiphase flow simulator is modified to couple physical and chemical heterogeneity using correlated permeability fields, Leverett scaling for capillary pressure, and wettability-dependent hysteretic hydraulic relations. Simulations show that spatial wettability variations can strongly reshape DNAPL distributions, affecting organic saturation, lateral spreading, and infiltration depth; chemical heterogeneity defined by organic wet solid fractions yields distributions resembling fully water-wet media due to saturation-dependent wettability effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/flow-and-entrapment-of-dense-nonaqueous-phase-liquids-flow-and-entrapment-of-dnapls-in-chemically-heterogeneous-aquifer-formations/149357/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/flow-and-entrapment-of-dense-nonaqueous-phase-liquids-flow-and-entrapment-of-dnapls-in-chemically-heterogeneous-aquifer-formations/149357.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sage","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is DNAPL entrapment believed to depend on physical heterogeneity in aquifers?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Because earlier studies assume that permeability and capillary properties are mainly determined by soil texture, which controls how DNAPLs migrate and become trapped in the saturated zone.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the study incorporate wettability and chemical heterogeneity into DNAPL modeling?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It modifies a two-dimensional multiphase simulator to couple physical and chemical formation heterogeneity, linking correlated permeability fields to capillary pressure via Leverett scaling and modeling wettability variability tied to intrinsic permeability.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do simulations indicate about the effect of spatial wettability variation on DNAPL distributions?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Spatial wettability variations can dramatically change DNAPL distributions, increasing organic saturation, enhancing lateral spreading, and reducing the depth of infiltration when contact angle varies spatially.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},149357,1787798477,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},687197207057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Advances in Water Resources Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 117–132, 1998  \nq 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd  \nPrinted in Great Britain. All rights reserved  \nPII: S 0 3 0 9-1 7 0 8 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 0 5-0 0309-1708/98/$ - see front matter  \nFlow and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids in physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifer formations  \nScott A. Bradford*, Linda M. Abriola & Klaus M. Rathfelder  \nUniversity of Michigan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 181 EWRE, 1351 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 -2125,  \nUSA  \n(Received 17 September 1997; accepted 3 March 1998)  \nThe migration and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in  \naquifer formations is typically believed to be controlled by physical heterogeneities.  \nThis belief is based upon the assumption that permeability and capillary properties are  \ndetermined by the soil texture. Capillarity and relative permeability, however, will  \nalso depend on porous medium wettability characteristics. This wettability may vary  \nspatially in a formation due to variations in aqueous phase chemistry, contaminant  \naging, and/or variations in mineralogy and organic matter distributions. In this work, a  \ntwo-dimensional multiphase flow simulator is modified to simulate coupled physical  \nand chemical formation heterogeneity. To model physical heterogeneity, a spatially  \ncorrelated permeability field is generated, and then related to the capillary pressure  \nsaturation function according to Leverett scaling. Spatial variability of porous medium  \nwettability is assumed to be correlated with the natural logarithm of the intrinsic  \npermeability. The influence of wettability on the hysteretic hydraulic property  \nrelations is also modeled. The simulator is then employed to investigate the potential  \ninfluence of coupled physical and chemical heterogeneity on DNAPL flow and  \nentrapment. For reasonable ranges of wettability characteristics, simulations  \ndemonstrate that spatial variations in wettability can have a dramatic impact on  \nDNAPL distributions. Higher organic saturations, increased lateral spreading, and  \ndecreased depth of infiltration were predicted when the contact angle was varied  \nspatially. When chemical heterogeneity was defined by spatial variation of organic  \nwet solid fractions (fractional wettability porous media), however, the resultant  \norganic saturation distributions were more similar to those for perfectly water-wet  \nmedia, due to saturation dependent wettability effects on the hydraulic property  \nrelations. q 1998 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved  \nKeywords: multiphase flow, NAPL, wettability, heterogeneity, numerical model.  \nNOMENCLATURE  \nD denotes drainage  \nf weighting function  \nFo organic wet mass fraction  \ng acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2)  \n*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 313 936-3175; fax: +1 313 763- 2275; e-mail: [sbrad@engin.umich.edu](sbrad@engin.umich.edu)  \nI  \nk  \nkavg  \nkro  \nkrw  \nm  \ndenotes imbibition  \nintrinsic permeability (m 2) average intrinsic permeability (m 2) relative permeability of organic  \nrelative permeability of water parameter equal to 1 ¹ 2/n  \n118 S. A. Bradford et al.  \nn  \no  \nPc  \nP  \nP*c  \nPo  \nPw  \nQ  \nR  \ns  \nS  \nSio  \nSiw  \nSot  \nSomax  \nSomin  \nSmot  \nSmwt  \nSro  \nS*ro  \nSrw  \nS*rw  \nSwt  \nSwmax  \nSwmin  \npore size distribution parameter of van  \nGenuchten72 capillary pressure model organic liquid  \ncapillary pressure (N/m 2, cm water)  \ncapillary pressure at reference location (N/m 2, cm water)  \ncapillary pressure that accounts for wettability (N/m 2, cm water)  \npressure of organic phase (N/m 2, cm water) pressure of water phase (N/m 2, cm water) source/sink term (g/cm 3s)  \npore radius (cm) solid  \nsaturation (cm 3/cm 3)  \n‘immobile’ organic saturation (cm 3/cm 3)  \n‘immobile’ water saturation (cm 3/cm 3) entrapped organic saturation (cm 3/cm 3) maximum organic saturation (cm 3/cm 3)  \nminimum organic saturation (cm 3/cm 3)  \nmaximum entrapped organic saturation ","cbCairl0FDkke5As","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairl0FDkke5As","pdf",1235988,"English","# Introduction\n## Modeling approach: coupled physical and chemical heterogeneity\n## Wettability effects and hysteretic hydraulic properties\n## Simulation results: DNAPL flow and entrapment impacts","[{\"question\":\"Why is DNAPL entrapment believed to depend on physical heterogeneity in aquifers?\",\"answer\":\"Because earlier studies assume that permeability and capillary properties are mainly determined by soil texture, which controls how DNAPLs migrate and become trapped in the saturated zone.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study incorporate wettability and chemical heterogeneity into DNAPL modeling?\",\"answer\":\"It modifies a two-dimensional multiphase simulator to couple physical and chemical formation heterogeneity, linking correlated permeability fields to capillary pressure via Leverett scaling and modeling wettability variability tied to intrinsic permeability.\"},{\"question\":\"What do simulations indicate about the effect of spatial wettability variation on DNAPL distributions?\",\"answer\":\"Spatial wettability variations can dramatically change DNAPL distributions, increasing organic saturation, enhancing lateral spreading, and reducing the depth of infiltration when contact angle varies spatially.\"}]","Flow and entrapment of dense nonaqueous phase liquids - Flow and entrapment of DNAPLs in chemically heterogeneous aquifer formations | PDF"]