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This review summarizes major flavonoid subclasses, covering their chemical properties and biosynthetic pathways, and evaluates how biotic and abiotic factors regulate flavonoid function in plants. It links dietary flavonoids to reduced risk of chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Medicinal plant flavonoids act through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, signaling-modulating, and neuroprotective mechanisms, while emphasizing the need for further well-designed human studies to define effective doses, long-term safety, and clinical relevance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/flavonoids-in-plants-and-human-health-from-biosynthesis-to-neurodevelopmental-and-neurodegenerative-disorders/466106/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/flavonoids-in-plants-and-human-health-from-biosynthesis-to-neurodevelopmental-and-neurodegenerative-disorders/466106.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rizky","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What are flavonoids and why are they important in foods and health?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds found widely in food sources, with structural diversity that supports a broad spectrum of biological activity. Regular consumption of flavonoid-rich foods is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which flavonoid subclasses are covered in the review?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review provides an overview of key flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. It also discusses their chemical properties and biosynthetic pathways.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do flavonoids contribute to plant function?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Flavonoids play roles in flower pigmentation and are present as pigments in cell sap. The review also examines how biotic and abiotic factors influence flavonoid function, including ultraviolet protection, stress tolerance, and defense signaling.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},466106,1790820673,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085564807,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nFlavonoids in Plants and Human Health: From Biosynthesis to Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders  \nJoanna Lemanowicz 1, *, Kinga Gawli ´nska 2, Iwona Jaskulska 3, Dariusz Jaskulski 3 and Mateusz Sar 2  \nAcademic Editors: Joanna Milala, Elzbieta Karli ´nska and˙  \nMonika Kosmala  \nReceived: 3 December 2025  \nRevised: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 24 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bernardy ´nska 6 St., 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland  \n2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; [kinga.gawlinska@uj.edu.pl](kinga.gawlinska@uj.edu.pl) (K.G.); [mateusz.sar@student.uj.edu.pl](mateusz.sar@student.uj.edu.pl) (M.S.)  \n3 Department of Agronomy and Food Processing, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, 7 Kaliskiego St., 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [iwona.jaskulska@pbs.edu.pl](iwona.jaskulska@pbs.edu.pl) (I.J.); [dariusz.jaskulski@pbs.edu.pl](dariusz.jaskulski@pbs.edu.pl) (D.J.)  \n* [Correspondence: joanna.lemanowicz@pbs.edu.pl](Correspondence: joanna.lemanowicz@pbs.edu.pl)  \nAbstract  \nFlavonoids are a class of natural plant compounds that are categorised within the polyphenolic group. It is widely acknowledged that their structural diversity results in a wide distribution within food sources, thus leading to a concomitant wide spectrum of biological activity. This review provides an updated overview of the main flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, and includes an examination of their chemical properties and biosynthetic pathways. The present study will discuss the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on flavonoid function in plants, including their role in ultraviolet protection, stress tolerance, and defence signalling. The regular consumption of foods rich in flavonoids has been demonstrated to be associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. This observation underscores the significance of flavonoids in a balanced diet. Medicinal plants play an important role in this task. The mechanisms of action of this substance include antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects, modulation of signalling pathways, and neuroprotective functions. The present findings underscore the significance of flavonoids as multifunctional bioactive molecules, which hold considerable potential for preventive and therapeutic applications. However, further well-designed human studies are necessary to determine effective dosage, long-term safety, and clinical relevance.  \nKeywords: antioxidant activity; plant secondary metabolites; health-promoting effects; antioxidant properties  \n1. Introduction  \nIn recent years, flavonoids—natural plant-derived compounds belonging to the polyphenol class—have attracted considerable attention in biochemical and clinical research [1–3] . The primary biological role of these compounds in plants is to contribute to flower pigmentation, thereby enhancing visual attraction for pollinators [4] . Flavonoids occur as pigments dissolved in cell sap, imparting a yellow hue to plant tissues, particularly flowers and leaves. They are less commonly found in fruits, bark, and wood, while their occurrence in seeds is rare.  \nPhytochemical studies indicate that a high level of flavonoids correlates with antioxidant activity and the potential pharmacological properties of herbal raw materials. Numerous flavonoids are commonly identified in medicinal plants, including quercetin, which occurs, among others, in stingi","cbCaitOcxxGIifpX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitOcxxGIifpX","pdf",3651600,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Flavonoids in plants and their biological roles\n## Phytochemical evidence and antioxidant correlations\n## Sources of flavonoids in medicinal plants and foods","[{\"question\":\"What are flavonoids and why are they important in foods and health?\",\"answer\":\"Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds found widely in food sources, with structural diversity that supports a broad spectrum of biological activity. Regular consumption of flavonoid-rich foods is associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.\"},{\"question\":\"Which flavonoid subclasses are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review provides an overview of key flavonoid subclasses, including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. It also discusses their chemical properties and biosynthetic pathways.\"},{\"question\":\"How do flavonoids contribute to plant function?\",\"answer\":\"Flavonoids play roles in flower pigmentation and are present as pigments in cell sap. The review also examines how biotic and abiotic factors influence flavonoid function, including ultraviolet protection, stress tolerance, and defense signaling.\"}]","Flavonoids in Plants and Human Health - From Biosynthesis to Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders | PDF",1790770557,45]